Impact of changes in heart rate with age on all-cause death and cardiovascular events in 50-year-old men from the general population
Open accessAbstract
Background: Resting heart rate (RHR), a known cardiovascular risk factor, changes with age. However, little is known about the association between changes in RHR and the risk of cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the impact of RHR at baseline, and the change in RHR over time, on the risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events. Design: A random population sample of men born in 1943 who were living in Gothenburg, Sweden was prospectively followed for a 21-year period. Methods: Participants were examined three times: first in 1993 and then re-examined in 2003 and 2014. At each visit, a clinical examination, an ECG and laboratory analyses were performed. Change in RHR between 1993 and 2003 was defined as a decrease if RHR decreased by 5 beats per minute (bpm), an increase if RHR increased by 5 bpm or stable if the RHR change was <4bpm). Results: Participants with a baseline RHR of >75 bpm in 1993 had about a twofold higher risk of all-cause death (HR 2.3, CI 1.2 to 4.7, p=0.018), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (HR 1.8, CI 1.1 to 3.0, p=0.014) and coronary heart disease (CHD) (HR 2.2, CI 1.1 to 4.5, p=0.025) compared with those with <55 bpm in 1993. Participants with a stable RHR between 1993 and 2003 had a 44% decreased risk of CVD (HR 0.56, CI 0.35 to 0.87, p=0.011) compared with participants with an increasing RHR. Furthermore, every beat increase in heart rate from 1993 was associated with a 3% higher risk for all-cause death, 1% higher risk for CVD and 2% higher risk for CHD. Conclusion: High RHR was associated with an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events in men from the general population. Moreover, individuals with an increase in RHR between 50 and 60 years of age had worse outcome.
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- Authors
- Chen, X.-J., Barywani, S. B., Hansson, P.-O., Östgärd Thunström, E., Rosengren, A., Ergatoudes, C., Mandalenakis, Z., Caidahl, K., & Fu, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska Academy. University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Barywani, Salim Bary
- ORCID
- Venue
- Open Heart
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e000856
- ISSN
- 2053-3624 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6519434
- OpenAlex
- W2937276296
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Open Heart (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- This study was kindly funded by the Swedish government under LUA/ALF agreement.
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart rate and cardiovascular health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- resting heart rate, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk factors, aging, men, prospective cohort, general population, cardiovascular risk prediction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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