The problem of appraising qualitative research
Open accessAbstract
Qualitative research can make a valuable contribution to the study of quality and safety in health care. Sound ways of appraising qualitative research are needed, but currently there are many different proposals with few signs of an emerging consensus. One problem has been the tendency to treat qualitative research as a unified field. We distinguish universal features of quality from those specific to methodology and offer a set of minimally prescriptive prompts to assist with the assessment of generic features of qualitative research. In using these, account will need to be taken of the particular method of data collection and methodological approach being used. There may be a need for appraisal criteria suited to the different methods of qualitative data collection and to different methodological approaches. These more specific criteria would help to distinguish fatal flaws from more minor errors in the design, conduct, and reporting of qualitative research. There will be difficulties in doing this because some aspects of qualitative research, particularly those relating to quality of insight and interpretation, will remain difficult to appraise and will rely largely on subjective judgement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
How or whether to appraise papers for inclusion in an interpretive review has received a great deal of attention, but there is little sign of an emergent consensus.
“How or whether to appraise papers for inclusion in an interpretive reviews has received a great deal of attention, but there is little sign of an emergent consensus [22].”
From Conducting a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on access to healthcare by vulnerable groups (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
The Abstract says that proposals for appraising qualitative research show few signs of consensus, and the introduction discusses disagreement over whether quality criteria should exist. The introduction also says quality assessments are needed for reviews. The paper does not specifically address appraisal for inclusion in interpretive reviews, so the claim is more specific than the source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome authors have raised concerns that strict adherence to universal checklists may stifle the diversity and multiplicity of practices in qualitative research.
“Some authors have raised concerns about the use of such checklists and adherence to strict, universal criteria because they do not afford sufficient flexibility to accommodate the diverse approaches and multiple interpretive practices often represented in qualitative studies.[7][8][9][10][11]”
From A Review of the Quality Indicators of Rigor in Qualitative Research (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
Qualitative studies will be appraised using Dixon-Woods and colleague's tool for appraising qualitative research.
“Qualitative studies will be appraised using Dixon-Woods and colleague’s tool for appraising qualitative research [69].”
From The psychological processes of classic psychedelics in the treatment of depression: a systematic review protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [69]
Seven criteria for quality appraisal were adopted from different published tools to appraise transparency, description of key terms, and coherence.
“Given the plurality of methodologies used in the identified studies, seven criteria for quality appraisal were adopted from different published tools (29–31)1 with the aim of appraising transparency, description of key terms, and coherence.”
From Recovery from Severe Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review of Service User and Informal Caregiver Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
There is no consistent approach or theoretical framework in broad-based qualitative research that one might use as a guideline to apply qualitative inquiry to the development of PROs.
“There is no consistent approach or theoretical framework, however, in this broad-based research that one might use as a guideline to apply qualitative inquiry to the development of PROs [30–33].”
From PRO development: rigorous qualitative research as the crucial foundation (2010) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,470 · see citing works
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787 · see citing works
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449 · see citing works
(1998) · Sage eBooks · Cited by 38,631 · see citing works
Qualitative research in health care: Analysing qualitative data
Pope, C. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7227.114 · Cited by 8,131 · see citing works
Checklists for improving rigour in qualitative research: a case of the tail wagging the dog?
Barbour, R. S. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1115 · Cited by 2,613 · see citing works
Dilemmas in qualitative health research
Yardley, L. (2000) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440008400302 · Cited by 2,310 · see citing works
Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods.
Russell, C. K., & Morse, J. M. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076454 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Popay, J., Rogers, A., & Williams, G. (1998) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973239800800305 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Campbell, R., Pound, P., Pope, C., Britten, N., Pill, R., Morgan, M., & Donovan, J. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00064-3 · Cited by 921 · see citing works
(2003) · Digital Education Resource Archive (University College London) · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Qualitative research and psychological theorizing
Henwood, K. L., & Pidgeon, N. F. (1992) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02426.x · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Qualitative methods in research on healthcare quality
Pope, C. J. (2002) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qhc.11.2.148 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Ensuring rigour in qualitative research
Seale, C. (1997) · The European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/7.4.379 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Meta-Study of Qualitative Health Research: A Practical Guide to Meta-Analysis and Meta-Synthesis
Canam, C., & Thorne, S. (2001) · International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance · doi:10.1108/ijhcqa.2001.06214fae.007 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Schwandt, T. A. (1996) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780049600200109 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Causes of intravenous medication errors: an ethnographic study
Taxis, K. (2003) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qhc.12.5.343 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Qualitative research in systematic reviews
Dixon‐Woods, M., & Fitzpatrick, R. M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7316.765 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationData feedback efforts in quality improvement: lessons learned from US hospitals
Bradley, E. H. (2004) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qhc.13.1.26 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Quality Issues in Qualitative Inquiry
Seale, C. F. (2002) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/147332500200100107 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Chapple, A. (1998) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/15.6.556 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Maylor, H. R., & Blackmon, K. (2005) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-11022-0_12 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
On the Idea of What Constitutes Good Qualitative Inquiry
Engel, J. D., & Kuzel, A. J. (1992) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973239200200409 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Quality Issues in Qualitative Inquiry
Seale, C. F. (2002) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325002001001747 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Moore, N. (2018) · Facet eBooks · doi:10.29085/9781856049825.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042 · Cited by 42,509 · see citing works
Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5664 · Cited by 4,074 · see citing works
Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research: ENTREQ
Tong, A., Flemming, K., McInnes, E., Oliver, S., & Craig, J. (2012) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-181 · Cited by 3,569 · see citing works
Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: A review of possible methods
Dixon-Woods, M., Agarwal, S., Jones, D., Young, B., & Sutton, A. (2005) · Journal of Health Services Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/135581960501000110 · Cited by 2,132 · see citing works
Self-citationDixon-Woods, M., Cavers, D., Agarwal, S., Annandale, E., Arthur, A., Harvey, J., Hsu, R., Katbamna, S., Olsen, R., Smith, L., et al. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-35 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping and Evaluating Complex Interventions: New Guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P. A., MacIntyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. P. (2006) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1,877 · see citing works
Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research
Leung, L. (2015) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/2249-4863.161306 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
A Review of the Quality Indicators of Rigor in Qualitative Research
Johnson, J. L., Adkins, D., & Chauvin, S. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7120 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Long, H. A., French, D. P., & Brooks, J. M. (2020) · Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences · doi:10.1177/2632084320947559 · Cited by 1,112 · see citing works
Patient Adherence to Tuberculosis Treatment: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research
Munro, S. A., Lewin, S. A., Smith, H. J., Engel, M. E., Fretheim, A., & Volmink, J. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040238 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: Lessons learnt
Atkins, S., Lewin, S., Smith, H., Engel, M., Fretheim, A., & Volmink, J. (2008) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-21 · Cited by 981 · see citing works
Lewin, S., Glenton, C., Munthe-Kaas, H., Carlsen, B., Colvin, C. J., Gülmezoglu, M., Noyes, J., Booth, A., Garside, R., & Rashidian, A. (2015) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
How can systematic reviews incorporate qualitative research? A critical perspective
Dixon-Woods, M., Bonas, S., Booth, A., Jones, D. R., Miller, T., Sutton, A. J., Shaw, R. L., Smith, J. A., & Young, B. (2006) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794106058867 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature
Davis, K., Drey, N., & Gould, D. (2009) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.010 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Evaluative Criteria for Qualitative Research in Health Care: Controversies and Recommendations
Cohen, D. J., & Crabtree, B. F. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.818 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Reviewing studies with diverse designs: the development and evaluation of a new tool
Sirriyeh, R., Lawton, R., Gardner, P., & Armitage, G. (2012) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01662.x · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Taylor, B., Henshall, C., Kenyon, S., Litchfield, I., & Greenfield, S. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019993 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Reardon, T., Harvey, K., Baranowska, M., O’Brien, D., Smith, L., & Creswell, C. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0930-6 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
“Items on the checklist for assessing the quality of qualitative studies were slightly modified to incorporate Dixon-Woods’ [35] prompts for appraising qualitative research (e.g., ‘Are the research questions suited to qualitative inquiry?’).”
COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies)
Booth, A., Hannes, K., Harden, A., Noyes, J., Harris, J., & Tong, A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118715598.ch21 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Greenhalgh, J., Gooding, K., Gibbons, E. J., Dalkin, S. M., Wright, J. M., Valderas, J. M., & Black, N. A. (2018) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-018-0061-6 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
The craft of interviewing in realist evaluation
Manzano, A. (2016) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389016638615 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Parker, S. M., Clayton, J. M., Hancock, K. M., Walder, S., Butow, P. N., Carrick, S. E., Currow, D. C., Ghersi, D., Glare, P. A., Hagerty, R. G., et al. (2007) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.09.035 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Harrison, R., Jones, B., Gardner, P. H., & Lawton, R. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06122-y · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Interpretative phenomenological analysis: a discussion and critique
Pringle, J., Drummond, J. S., McLafferty, E., & Hendry, C. (2011) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr2011.04.18.3.20.c8459 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
On doing better science: From thrill of discovery to policy implications
Antonakis, J. (2017) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.006 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
PRO development: rigorous qualitative research as the crucial foundation
Lasch, K. E., Marquis, P., Vigneux, M., Abetz, L., Arnould, B., Bayliss, M., Crawford, B., & Rosa, K. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9677-6 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Carroll, C., Booth, A., & Cooper, K. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-29 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
The elephant in the living room: or extending the conversation about the politics of evidence
Denzin, N. K. (2009) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794108098034 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Biesma, R. G., Brugha, R., Harmer, A., Walsh, A., Spicer, N., & Walt, G. (2009) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czp025 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Hutchison, A. J., Johnston, L. H., & Breckon, J. D. (2010) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645570902996301 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Goodman, D., Ogrinc, G. S., Davies, L., Baker, G. R., Barnsteiner, J., Foster, T. C., Gali, K., Hilden, J. M., Horwitz, L. I., Kaplan, H. C., et al. (2016) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004480 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Spiteri, K., Broom, D. R., Bekhet, A. H., de Caro, J. X., Laventure, B., & Grafton, K. (2019) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2018-0343 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
McDaid, L. M., Parkes, A., Wight, D., Petticrew, M. P., & Hart, G. J. (2009) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-6-3 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Dyer, K., & das Nair, R. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02856.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Housing improvements for health and associated socio-economic outcomes
Thomson, H., Thomas, S., Sellström, E., & Petticrew, M. P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008657.pub2 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review
Mwai, G. W., Mburu, G., Torpey, K., Frost, P., Ford, N., & Seeley, J. (2013) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.7448/ias.16.1.18586 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Putensen, C., Theuerkauf, N., Zinserling, J., Wrigge, H., & Pelosi, P. P. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00011 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research
Marshall, I. J., Wolfe, C. D. A., & McKevitt, C. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e3953 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Thomas, S., Fayter, D., Misso, K., Ogilvie, D., Petticrew, M. P., Sowden, A. J., Whitehead, M., & Worthy, G. (2008) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2007.023911 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Devereux‐Fitzgerald, A., Powell, R., Dewhurst, A., & French, D. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.006 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Sattar, R., Lawton, R., Panagioti, M., & Johnson, J. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-06049-w · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Advancements in Research Synthesis Methods: From a Methodologically Inclusive Perspective
Suri, H., & Clarke, D. J. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308326349 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Papaioannou, D., Sutton, A., Carroll, C., Booth, A., & Wong, R. (2010) · Health Information & Libraries Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00863.x · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Miller, T. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489501 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Appraising Qualitative Research for Evidence Syntheses: A Compendium of Quality Appraisal Tools
Majid, U., & Vanstone, M. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732318785358 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Qualitative Research and Cochrane Reviews
Noyes, J., Popay, J., Pearson, A., Hannes, K., & Booth, A. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch20 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Making sense of motherhood: a narrative approach
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-4980 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Understanding Qualitative Metasynthesis
Erwin, E. J., Brotherson, M. J., & Summers, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815111425493 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Mager, U., & Nowak, P. (2012) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2011.11.001 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Noyes, J., & Popay, J. (2007) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04092.x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
"Brimful of STARLITE": toward standards for reporting literature searches.
Booth, A. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Bunn, F., Goodman, C. M., Sworn, K., Rait, G., Brayne, C., Robinson, L. A., McNeilly, E., & Iliffe, S. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001331 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
A review of critical appraisal tools show they lack rigor: Alternative tool structure is proposed
Crowe, M., & Sheppard, L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.008 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Synthesizing qualitative research: a review of published reports
Dixon‐Woods, M., Booth, A., & Sutton, A. J. (2007) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794107078517 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationMohammed, M. A., Moles, R. J., & Chen, T. F. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010035 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
O’Brien, D., Harvey, K., Howse, J., Reardon, T. C., & Creswell, C. (2016) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp16x687061 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Carroll, C., Booth, A., & Lloyd-Jones, M. (2012) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732312452937 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Pitt, E., Gallegos, D., Comans, T. A., Cameron, C. M., & Thornton, L. E. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017001069 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Tong, A., Lowe, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. C. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3470 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Oliver, S., Harden, A., Rees, R., Shepherd, J., Brunton, G., Garcia, J., & Oakley, A. (2005) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389005059383 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Commentary: Writing and Evaluating Qualitative Research Reports
Wu, Y. P., Thompson, D., Aroian, K. J., McQuaid, E. L., & Deatrick, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw032 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation
Cooper, K. L., Squires, H., Carroll, C., Papaioannou, D. E., Booth, A., Logan, R., Maguire, C., Hind, D., & Tappenden, P. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14320 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Kutkut, A., Bertoli, E., Frazer, R. Q., Pinto-Sinai, G., Fuentealba, R., & Studts, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Prosthodontic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpor.2017.06.004 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Ahmed, S., Chase, L., Wagnild, J. M., Akhter, N., Sturridge, S., Clarke, A., Chowdhary, P., Mukami, D., Kasim, A., & Hampshire, K. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01615-y · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Okello, D. R. O., & Gilson, L. (2015) · Human Resources for Health · doi:10.1186/s12960-015-0007-5 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Stuart, S. R., Tansey, L., & Quayle, E. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1222056 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Percutaneous and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill adult patients: a meta-analysis
Putensen, C., Theuerkauf, N. U., Guenther, U., Vargas, M., & Pelosi, P. P. (2014) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0544-7 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Johnstone, A., Martin, A., Cordovil, R., Fjørtoft, I., Iivonen, S., Jidovtseff, B., Lopes, F., Reilly, J. J., Thomson, H., Wells, V., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19105967 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Niezen, M. G. H., & Mathijssen, J. J. P. (2014) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.04.016 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Forman, J. H., Creswell, J. W., Damschroder, L. J., Kowalski, C. P., & Krein, S. L. (2008) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.010 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: systematic review (1978-2008)
McCartney, G., Thomas, S., Thomson, H., Scott, J., Hamilton, V., Hanlon, P., Morrison, D. S., & Bond, L. M. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2369 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Monforte‐Royo, C., Villavicencio‐Chávez, C., Tomás‐Sábado, J., Mahtani‐Chugani, V., & Balaguer, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037117 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Tiedtke, C., de Rijk, A. E., de Casterlé, B. D., Christiaens, M., & Donceel, P. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1633 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Buus, N., & Perron, A. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103452 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
The Role of Qualitative Research Methods in Discrete Choice Experiments
Vass, C., Rigby, D., & Payne, K. (2017) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x16683934 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
CRITÉRIOS DE QUALIDADE PARA ARTIGOS DE PESQUISA QUALITATIVA
Patias, N. D., & Hohendorff, J. V. (2019) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.4025/psicolestud.v24i0.43536 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
McTavish, J. R., Kimber, M., Devries, K. M., Colombini, M., MacGregor, J. C. D., Wathen, C. N., Agarwal, A., & MacMillan, H. L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013942 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Sarre, S., Redlich, C., Tinker, A., Sadler, E., Bhalla, A., & McKevitt, C. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2013.814724 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Dost, G., & Smith, L. M. (2023) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2023.2191176 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Krockow, E. M., Colman, A. M., Chattoe‐Brown, E., Jenkins, D. R., Perera, N., Mehtar, S., & Tarrant, C. (2018) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.08.007 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Toyé, F., Seers, K., Allcock, N., Briggs, M., Carr, E., Andrews, J., & Barker, K. L. (2013) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-46 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Toward Methodological Emancipation in Applied Health Research
Thorne, S. E. (2010) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732310392595 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Synthesising quantitative and qualitative research in evidence-based patient information
Goldsmith, M. R., Bankhead, C. R., & Austoker, J. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2006.046110 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Systematic review of respite care in the frail elderly
Shaw, C., McNamara, R. L., Abrams, K. R., Cannings-John, R. L., Hood, K., Longo, M., Myles, S., O'Mahony, S., Roe, B. H., & Williams, K. (2009) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta13200 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Silverio, S. A., Sheen, K. S., Bramante, A., Knighting, K., Koops, T. U., Montgomery, E., November, L., Soulsby, L. K., Stevenson, J. H., Watkins, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221124739 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Morrison, S. E., Bruce, C., & Wilson, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1425943 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Garside, R. (2013) · Innovation The European Journal of Social Science Research · doi:10.1080/13511610.2013.777270 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Hughes-Morley, A., Young, B., Waheed, W., Small, N., & Bower, P. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Applying ethnography to the study of context in healthcare quality and safety
Leslie, M., Paradis, E., Gropper, M. A., Reeves, S., & Kitto, S. C. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002335 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Morris, J. H., Oliver, T., Kroll, T., & MacGillivray, S. A. (2011) · Stroke Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/195249 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Katsakou, C., & Priebe, S. (2007) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00004802 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Interventions Guiding Advance Care Planning Conversations: A Systematic Review
Fahner, J. C., Beunders, A. J. M., van der Heide, A., Rietjens, J. A. C., Vanderschuren, M. M., van Delden, J. J. M., & Kars, M. C. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.09.014 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Wray, F., & Clarke, D. J. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017944 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Quality assurance of qualitative research: a review of the discourse
Reynolds, J., Kizito, J., Ezumah, N., Mangesho, P. E., Allen, E. N., & Chandler, C. (2011) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-9-43 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Origins, methods and advances in qualitative meta-synthesis
Nye, E., Melendez‐Torres, G. J., & Bonell, C. (2016) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3065 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Standards of practice in empirical bioethics research: towards a consensus
Ives, J., Dunn, M., Molewijk, B. C., Schildmann, J., Bærøe, K., Frith, L., Huxtable, R., Landeweer, E. G. M., Mertz, M., Provoost, V., et al. (2018) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-018-0304-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Developing empirically supported theories of change for housing investment and health
Thomson, H., & Thomas, S. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.043 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Adolescent Experiences Following Organ Transplantation: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies
Tong, A., Morton, R. L., Howard, K., & Craig, J. C. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.04.009 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Luckett, T., Davidson, P., Green, A., Boyle, F., Stubbs, J., & Lovell, M. (2013) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.021 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dixon-Woods, M.
- Venue
- Quality and Safety in Health Care
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2004-06-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-225
- ISSN
- 1475-3898 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-3901
- PMC
- PMC1743851
- OpenAlex
- W2161835779
- Semantic Scholar
- 00ade148e11ef4211840b7d6ec91341177623888
- Cited by
- 653
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 75.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ Quality & Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (acceptedVersion)
- Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) (submittedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-333-34-3002)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- appraisal criteria, research quality, healthcare quality and safety, methodological approaches, interpreting quality
- MeSH terms
- United Kingdom, Health Services Research, Humans, Quality of Health Care, Research Design, Safety Management, Consensus, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
