Detraining-induced alterations in adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors after nonlinear periodized resistance and aerobic interval training in obese men
Abstract
This study compared the effects of nonlinear resistance training (NRT), aerobic interval training (AIT), and detraining on adipokines and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle-aged obese men. Thirty-three obese men were randomly allocated to NRT (n = 12), AIT (n = 10), and control (CON, n = 11) groups. Subjects in experimental groups performed exercise protocols 3 days per week for 12 weeks followed by a 4-week detraining period. The NRT involved 55 min of weight training with flexible periodization. The AIT consisted of running on a treadmill (4 × 4-min intervals at 90% of maximal heart rate, with each interval separated by 3 min at 65%). Peak oxygen consumption increased significantly after training compared with CON (P < 0.01), but it increased more in the AIT group than in the NRT group (P = 0.004). After detraining, peak oxygen consumption decreased significantly in both training groups (P < 0.001); however, the value in the AIT group was still higher than that in the CON group (P = 0.003). No significant changes were observed in serum levels of omentin-1 and interleukin (IL)-18 after training (P > 0.05), but omentin-1 decreased significantly in both training groups and IL-18 increased significantly in the NRT group after detraining (P < 0.05). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased significantly after training in the AIT group compared with the CON group (P < 0.05) and returned to the pre-training level after detraining. Conversely, apelin-13 increased significantly in response to training, compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and remained unchanged after detraining. Both training regimens had similar effects on most markers; however, AIT seems to have stronger anti-coronary disease effects (as indicated by HDL-C and peak oxygen consumption) than NRT.
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Whether HIIT appears superior to moderate-intensity continuous training depends on timing of sampling relative to the last exercise bout; acutely after HIIT higher peaks are observed, while at resting baseline after a training period both modalities yield similar levels.
“Similarly, whether HIIT appears superior to moderate-intensity continuous training depends on the timing of sampling relative to the last exercise bout. When apelin is measured acutely after a HIIT session, higher peaks are observed; when measured at resting baseline after a training period, both modalities yield similar levels [24].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
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“When apelin is measured acutely after a HIIT session, higher peaks are observed; when measured at resting baseline after a training period, both modalities yield similar levels [24].”
- Authors
- Nikseresht, M., Hafezi Ahmadi, M. R., & Hedayati, M.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University Ilam Branch (IR)
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences (IR)
- Venue
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1018-1025
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2520410465
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 4.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository Portal (Ilam University of Medical Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- detraining, aerobic interval training, adipokines, cardiometabolic risk factors, obesity, omentin-1, IL-18, apelin-13, HDL cholesterol, peak oxygen uptake, coronary heart disease risk, middle-aged men
- MeSH terms
- High-Intensity Interval Training, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Iran, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Oxygen Consumption, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Cytokines, Interleukin-18, Metabolic Syndrome, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Lectins, Adiposity, Resistance Training, Waist Circumference, GPI-Linked Proteins
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