Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance in Lean, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance has a causal role in type 2 diabetes. Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a protein secreted by adipocytes, are increased in insulin-resistant states. Experiments in mice suggest that elevated RBP4 levels cause insulin resistance. We sought to determine whether serum RBP4 levels correlate with insulin resistance and change after an intervention that improves insulin sensitivity. We also determined whether elevated serum RBP4 levels are associated with reduced expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in adipocytes, an early pathological feature of insulin resistance. METHODS: We measured serum RBP4, insulin resistance, and components of the metabolic syndrome in three groups of subjects. Measurements were repeated after exercise training in one group. GLUT4 protein was measured in isolated adipocytes. RESULTS: Serum RBP4 levels correlated with the magnitude of insulin resistance in subjects with obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, or type 2 diabetes and in nonobese, nondiabetic subjects with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes. Elevated serum RBP4 was associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body-mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, serum triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Exercise training was associated with a reduction in serum RBP4 levels only in subjects in whom insulin resistance improved. Adipocyte GLUT4 protein and serum RBP4 levels were inversely correlated. CONCLUSIONS: RBP4 is an adipocyte-secreted molecule that is elevated in the serum before the development of frank diabetes and appears to identify insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with varied clinical presentations. These findings provide a rationale for antidiabetic therapies aimed at lowering serum RBP4 levels.
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In poorly nourished elderly subjects, oligofructose at 1.95-3.9 g per day for twelve weeks as part of a nutritional supplement had no effect on plasma TNF-α or sIL-6R concentrations.
“In another study, in poorly nourished elderly subjects (age .70years), oligofructose (1•95-3•9 g/d for 12 weeks as part of a nutritional supplement) had no effect on plasma TNF-a or sIL-6R concentrations (838) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [838]
The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as RBP4, contributes to the onset of the physiological alterations accompanying obesity.
“The secretion of these proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as the secretion of other adipokines like retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) 141, 142, is now well admitted to contribute to the onset of the physiological alterations accompanying obesity 12.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
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- Authors
- Graham, T. E., Yang, Q., Blüher, M., Hammarstedt, A., Ciaraldi, T. P., Henry, R. R., Wason, C. J., Oberbach, A., Jansson, P.-A., Smith, U., & Kahn, B. B.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-06-15
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2552-2563
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1979030077
- Cited by
- 1,319
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 85.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk058291-04)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK43051, R01DK-58291, K08DK069624, K08 DK-69624, R01DK043051)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- retinol-binding protein 4, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, glucose transporter 4, adipocytes, exercise training, impaired glucose tolerance, cardiovascular risk factors, adipokines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Thinness, Exercise, Adipocytes, Metabolic Syndrome, Glucose Metabolism Disorders, Glucose Transporter Type 4, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Plasma
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