Exercise, Lipids, and Lipoproteins in Older Adults: A Meta‐Analysis
Open accessAbstract
The authors used the meta‐analytic approach to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in adults 50 years of age and older. Twenty‐eight outcomes representing 1427 subjects (806 exercise, 621 control) were available for pooling. Random‐effects modeling yielded statistically significant improvements of 1.1%, 5.6%, 2.5%, and 7.1%, respectively, for total cholesterol (mean ± SEM in mg/dL, −3.3±1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], −6.5 to −0.02; p=0.05), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.5±1.0; 95% CI, 0.7–4.4; p=0.01), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (−3.9±1.9; 95% CI, −7.7 to −0.08; p=0.05), ratio of total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.8±0.2; 95% CI, −1.2 to −0.4; p<0.001), but not triglycerides (−7.0±3.6; 95% CI, −14.0 to 0.1; p=0.06). After conducting sensitivity analyses, only the improvements in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol remained statistically significant (p<0.05 for both). It was concluded that aerobic exercise increases high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreases the ratio of total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in older adults.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Six of the 8 reports of systematic review and meta-analysis reported a significant increase in HDL-C levels.
“Six reported a significant increase in HDL-C levels, which was the most frequently observed effect of exercise on serum lipids577, 607–613).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [609]
Aerobic exercise is effective in improving lipid metabolism.
“Aerobic exercise is effective in improving lipid metabolism607–615).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [609]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763 · see citing works
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,769 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582 · see citing works
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, L., Shang, X., & Yan, C. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000369778 · Cited by 11,609 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a0c95c · Cited by 5,153 · see citing works
Dong, Y., Hao, L., Shi, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, C. (2013) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000351405 · Cited by 4,556 · see citing works
Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing
Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., & Atwood, J. E. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa011858 · Cited by 4,114 · see citing works
Mazzeo, R. S., Cavanagh, P. R., Evans, W. J., FIATARONE, M. A., Hagberg, J. M., McAuley, E., & Startzell, J. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00033 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Petitti, D. B. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention
LEON, A. S., & SANCHEZ, O. A. (2001) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00021 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults.
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Blood Lipid and Lipoprotein Adaptations to Exercise: A Quantitative Analysis
Durstine, J. L., Grandjean, P. W., Davis, P. G., Ferguson, M. A., Alderson, N. L., & DuBose, K. D. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131150-00002 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Vote-counting methods in research synthesis.
Hedges, L., & Olkin, I. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.359 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy.
Booth, F., Chakravarthy, M., Gordon, S., & Spangenburg, E. (2002) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00073.2002 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
King, A. C. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470110081037 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Tran, Z. V. (1985) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.254.7.919 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationHalbert, J., Silagy, C., Finucane, P., Withers, R., & Hamdorf, P. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600784 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
FAHLMAN, M. M., Boardley, D., Lambert, C. P., & Flynn, M. G. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.2.b54 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Seals, D. R., Tanaka, H., Clevenger, C. M., Monahan, K. D., Reiling, M. J., Hiatt, W. R., Davy, K. P., & DeSouza, C. A. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01348-1 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON BLOOD LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS
Tran, Z. V., WELTMAN, A. L., Glass, G. V., & Mood, D. P. (1982) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198202000-00041 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationAerobic Exercise Training Does Not Modify Large-Artery Compliance in Isolated Systolic Hypertension
Ferrier, K. E., Waddell, T. K., Gatzka, C. D., Cameron, J. D., Dart, A. M., & Kingwell, B. A. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.38.2.222 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
King, A. C., Haskell, W. L., Taylor, C. B., et al. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Eriksson, J. G., Tuominen, J. A., Valle, T. T., Sundberg, S., Sovijärvi, A. R., Lindholm, H. J., Tuomilehto, J., & Koivisto, V. A. (1998) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2007-978828 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Walking, lipids, and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Kelley, G. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.012 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Exercise Training on Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations in Women: A Meta-Analysis
Lokey, E. A., & Tran, Z. V. (1989) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024937 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationSunami, Y., Motoyama, M., Kinoshita, F., Mizooka, Y., SUETA, K., Matsunaga, A., Sasaki, J., Tanaka, H., & Shindo, M. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90194-4 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Influence of walking volume on health benefits in women post-menopause
Ready, A. E., Naimark, B. J., Ducas, J., Sawatzky, J. V., Boreskie, S. L., Drinkwater, D. T., & Oosterveen, S. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199609000-00004 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory function in men and women >60 years of age
Blumenthal, J. A., Emery, C. F., Madden, D. J., Coleman, R. E., Riddle, M. W., Schniebolk, S., Cobb, F. R., Sullivan, M. J., & Higginbotham, M. B. (1991) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(91)90904-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Exercise Training of Men At Retirement: a Clinical Trial
Cunningham, D. A., Rechnitzer, P. A., Howard, J. L., & Donner, A. P. (1987) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/42.1.17 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Effects of Physical Training on Metabolic Control in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Ligtenberg, P. C., Hoekstra, J. B. L., Bol, E., Zonderland, M. L., & Erkelens, D. W. (1997) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0930127 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Motoyama, M., Sunami, Y., Kinoshita, F., Irie, T., Sasaki, J., Arakawa, K., Kiyonaga, A., Tanaka, H., & Shindo, M. (1995) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00361539 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Hersey, W. C., Graves, J. E., Pollock, M. L., Gingerich, R., Shireman, R. B., Heath, G. W., Spierto, F., McCole, S. D., & Hagberg, J. M. (1994) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90265-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A two year randomized exercise trial in older women: effects on HDL-cholesterol
Cauley, J. A., Kriska, A. M., LaPorte, R. E., Sandler, R. B., & Pambianco, G. (1987) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90068-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Walking program reduces elevated cholesterol in women postmenopause.
Ready, A. E., Drinkwater, D. T., Ducas, J., Fitzpatrick, D., Brereton, D. G., & Oades, S. C. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Raz, I., Hauser, E. R., & Bursztyn, M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Baker, T. T., Allen, D., Lei, K. Y., & Willcox, K. K. (1986) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(86)90040-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk in women with NIDDM
Verity, L., & Ismail, A. H. (1989) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(89)90054-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins in Elderly Women
Nieman, D. C., Warren, B. J., O'Donnell, K. A., Dotson, R. G., Butterworth, D. E., & Henson, D. A. (1993) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06485.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The effects of exercise on blood lipids and lipoproteins
Tran, Z. V., WELTMAN, A. L., Glass, G. V., & Mood, D. P. (1983) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198315050-00009 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown, A. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.1230650b · Cited by 46 · see citing works
FAMILIAL AGGREGATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE TO SUBMAXIMAL EXERCISE IN THE HERITAGE FAMILY STUDY
Leon, A. S., An, P., Rice, T., russe, L. P., Gagnon, J., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Rao, D. C., & Bouchard, C. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200105001-01173 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Väisänen, S., Kuhanen, R., Penttilä, I., Bouchard, C., & Rauramaa, R. (2000) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1613923 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effect of physical exercise on lipid metabolism in the elderly.
Veríssimo, M. T., Aragão, A., Sousa, A. C., Barbosa, B., Ribeiro, H., Costa, D., & Saldanha, M. H. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Baker, S. J., & Al‐Najadah, R. (1996) · Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation/Sports medicine, training and rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15438629609512059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [19]Ruoti RG. The Effects of Calisthenic Water Exercise on Selected Work, Physiologic, and Blood Parameters of Older Adults. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University; 1989. [master's thesis] [Google Scholar]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., de Jesus, J. M., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Lee, I.-M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1 · Cited by 2,261 · see citing works
Fletcher, G. F., Ades, P. A., Kligfield, P., Arena, R., Balady, G. J., Bittner, V. A., Coke, L. A., Fleg, J. L., Forman, D. E., Gerber, T. C., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31829b5b44 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk
Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., de Jesus, J. M., Houston Miller, N., Hubbard, V. S., Lee, I.-M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.003 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review
Vogel, T., Bréchat, P.-H., Leprêtre, P., Kaltenbach, G., Berthel, M., & Lonsdorfer, J. (2009) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01957.x · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Fruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.002 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Sofi, F., Capalbo, A., Cesari, F., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. (2008) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282f232ac · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Biomarkers shared by frailty and sarcopenia in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Picca, A., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Calvani, R., Marzetti, E., & Vetrano, D. L. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101530 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Okamura, T., Tsukamoto, K., Arai, H., Fujioka, Y., Ishigaki, Y., Koba, S., Ohmura, H., Shoji, T., Yokote, K., Yoshida, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2022 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Exercise Dose in Clinical Practice
Wasfy, M. M., & Baggish, A. L. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.018093 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Pattyn, N., Cornelissen, V. A., Eshghi, S. R. T., & Vanhees, L. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-012-0003-z · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“[25] that a decrease of 1% in HDL-C would be associated with an increase in the risk for coronary heart disease of 2–3%.”
BackgroundFruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F. M., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2008.046 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Tambalis, K., Panagiotakos, D. B., Kavouras, S. A., & Sidossis, L. S. (2009) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319708324927 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Wewege, M. A., Thom, J. M., Rye, K.-A., & Parmenter, B. J. (2018) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.05.002 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise
Brook, M. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Philp, A., Smith, K., & Atherton, P. J. (2015) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12532 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“…et al. 2011), and this may be associated with additional substantial health benefits, that is increases in strength, resting metabolic rate (Lemmer et al. 2001), glucose tolerance (Craig et al. 1989), reduced blood pressure (Hagberg et al. 1989) and improved lipid profile (Kelley et al. 2005).”
BackgroundNikolić, D., Katsiki, N., Montalto, G., Isenović, E. R., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Rizzo, M. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5030928 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Several recent meta-analyses [118–120] have also reported beneficial effects of exercise on lipids and lipoproteins in patients with MetS, in accordance with the results of many studies that have reported”
ResultAlmeida, O. P., Khan, K., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., & Flicker, L. A. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092814 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Sofi, F., Capalbo, A., Marcucci, R., Gori, A. M., Fedi, S., Macchi, C., Casini, A., Surrenti, C., Abbate, R., & Gensini, G. F. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01884.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Evidence of Lifestyle Modification in the Management of Hypercholesterolemia
Mannu, G., Zaman, M., Gupta, A., Rehman, H. U., & Myint, P. K. (2013) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340313805076313 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Karaouzene, N., Merzouk, H., Aribi, M., Merzouk, S. A., Yahia Berrouiguet, A., Tessier, C., & Narce, M. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.02.007 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“It has been shown that older adults had also abnormal serum lipids and lipoproteins [14].”
BackgroundThe Role of Healthy Lifestyle in the Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Claas, S. A., & Arnett, D. K. (2016) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0728-7 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
An Updated Systematic Review on the Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Human Blood Lipid Profile
Doewes, R. I., Gharibian, G., zadeh, F. A., Zaman, B. A., vahdat, S., & Akhavan-Sigari, R. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101108 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Changes in Cardiovascular Function after Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Tang, A., Eng, J. J., Krassioukov, A. V., Madden, K. M., Mohammadi, A., Tsang, M. Y. C., & Tsang, T. S. M. (2014) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/ijs.12156 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Physical activity or fitness and the metabolic syndrome
Ford, E. S., & Li, C. (2006) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/14779072.4.6.897 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nikseresht, M., Hafezi Ahmadi, M. R., & Hedayati, M. (2016) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0693 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“A metaanalysis showed that a 1% decrease in HDL-C would be associated with a 2%–3% increase in the risk of coronary disease (Kelley et al. 2005).”
BackgroundLeitlinie körperliche Aktivität zur Sekundärprävention und Therapie kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen
Bjarnason‐Wehrens, B., Schulz, O., Gielen, S., Halle, M., Dürsch, M., Hambrecht, R., Lowis, H., Kindermann, W., Schulze, R., & Rauch, B. (2009) · Clinical Research in Cardiology Supplements · doi:10.1007/s11789-009-0078-8 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Kadoglou, N. P. E., Iliadis, F. S., Sailer, N., Athanasiadou, Z. S., Vitta, I., Kapelouzou, A., Karayannacos, P. E., Liapis, C. D., Alevizos, M., Angelopoulou, N., et al. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Furthermore, exercise training induces favorable changes in lipid profile and restricts both visceral and total body adiposity, the main resources of insulin resistance [12-17].”
BackgroundBouamama, S., Merzouk, H., Medjdoub, A., Merzouk, A. S., & Merzouk, S. A. (2017) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0201 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: an intriguing overlapping
Caserta, D., Adducchio, G., Picchia, S., Ralli, E., Matteucci, E., & Moscarini, M. (2014) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2014.887673 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Niacin is most potent available drug to raise HDL-C, to reduce triglycerides, LDL-C, thus it is very useful to treat metabolic dyslipidemia.”
InfluentialMiyazaki, R., Kotani, K., Ayabe, M., Tsuzaki, K., Shimada, J., Sakane, N., Takase, H., Ichikawa, H., Yonei, Y., & Ishii, K. (2012) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00952.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Letnes, J. M., Berglund, I., Johnson, K. E., Dalen, H., Nes, B. M., Lydersen, S., Viken, H., Hassel, E., Steinshamn, S., Vesterbekkmo, E. K., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab721 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Igarashi, Y., Akazawa, N., & Maeda, S. (2019) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.45864 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kim, D.-Y., Jung, S., & Seo, B.-D. (2014) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.26.275 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Palazón-Bru, A., Hernández-Lozano, D., & Gil-Guillén, V. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01364-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Igarashi, Y., & Nogami, Y. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.42937 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Millen, B. E., Wolongevicz, D. M., Jesus, J. M. D., Nonas, C., & Lichtenstein, A. H. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.037 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The role of exercise in mitigating subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment
Dao, E. A., Hsiung, G. R., & Liu‐Ambrose, T. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14153 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Knobf, M. T., Jeon, S., Smith, B., Harris, L., Thompson, S., Stacy, M. R., Insogna, K., & Sinusas, A. J. (2017) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2017.06.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Examining the Dose–Response Relationship between Physical Activity and Health Outcomes
Wasfy, M. M., & Lee, I.-M. M. (2022) · NEJM Evidence · doi:10.1056/evidra2200190 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Ballin, M., Lundberg, E., Sörlén, N., Nordström, P., Hult, A., & Nordström, A. (2019) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s213133 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Efeito da dieta e do ciclismo indoor sobre a composição corporal e nível sérico lipídico
do Valle, V. S., de Mello, D. B., Fortes, M. D. S. R., Dantas, E. H. M., & de Mattos, M. A. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2010005000080 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Uemura, K., Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Yoshida, D., Tsutsumimoto, K., Anan, Y., & Suzuki, T. (2012) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000343486 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tofighi, A., Rahmani, F., Jamali Qarakhanlou, B., & Babaei, S. (2015) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.26321 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Tardif, I., Auclair, A., Piché, M., Biertho, L. D., Marceau, S., Hould, F., Biron, S., Lebel, S., Lescelleur, O., & Poirier, P. (2020) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-020-04647-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lee, H., Kim, I., Sung, C., Jeon, T., Cho, K., Ha, Y., Park, K., Yoo, J., Kang, G. H., Kim, S. J., et al. (2019) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.13597 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Pagels, P., Raustorp, A., Archer, T., Lidman, U., & Alricsson, M. (2012) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.9.6.867 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lifetime Risk for Developing Dyslipidemia: The Framingham Offspring Study
Cobain, M. R., Pencina, M. J., D’Agostino, R. B., & Vasan, R. S. (2007) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.12.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Salutary effects of high-intensity interval training in persons with elevated cardiovascular risk
Fleg, J. L. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.8778.1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ibrahim, A., Ludin, A. F. M., Singh, D. K. A., Rajab, N. F., & Shahar, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1077078 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Exercise, especially aerobic exercise, has been reported effective in improving the lipid profile among healthy adults and even Alzheimer population (Kelley et al., 2005; Jensen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWasserfurth, P., Nebl, J., Schuchardt, J. P., Müller, M., Boßlau, T. K., Krüger, K., & Hahn, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072139 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Berglund, I., Vesterbekkmo, E. K., Retterstøl, K., Anderssen, S. A., Singh, M. A. F., Helge, J. W., Lydersen, S., Wisløff, U., & Stensvold, D. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings Innovations Quality & Outcomes · doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.07.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mahatme, S., Vaishali, K., Kumar, N., Rao, V., Kovela, R. K., & Sinha, M. K. (2022) · Medicine and Pharmacy Reports · doi:10.15386/mpr-2201 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The underlying mechanism is associated with a sequence of changes occurring in the skeletal muscle with aging [91].”
BackgroundRamos, R. M., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Prado, R. C. R., da Silva, R. S., Asano, R. Y., Prestes, J., Medeiros, A. I. A., Rodrigues, B., & Assumpção, C. D. O. (2018) · Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1177/2333721418808645 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exercise-induced inflammatory and metabolic adaptations in ageing: A meta-analytic compendium
Sheldon, R., Gan, A., Tasong, J., Yap, A., Ahmad, M., Júnior, P. R. H., Viswanathan, K., Setti, N. S. M., Jarman, O., Hoque-Uddin, M. S., et al. (2025) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2025.102974 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dyslipidaemia in the elderly: to treat or not to treat?
Katsiki, N., Kolovou, G. D., Pérez‐Martínez, P., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2018) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2018.1425138 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Aerobic exercise was also shown to significantly improve TC, LDL-C, HDL-C levels, and TC to HDL-C ratio (but not TG concentrations) in people with a mean age of 63 years in a previous meta-analysis [105].”
Perkins, G., Owen, A., Kearney, E. M., & Swaine, I. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044420 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Long-term detraining increases the risk of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men.
Mitsuhashi, T., Yamada, C., Iida, A., Hiratsuka, N., Inabe, F., Araida, N., Moriyama, K., Sasamori, H., Sasamori, N., Miyachi, M., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jensen, C. S., Musaeus, C. S., Frikke‐Schmidt, R., Andersen, B. B., Beyer, N., Gottrup, H., Høgh, P., Vestergaard, K., Wermuth, L., Frederiksen, K. S., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00532 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Among non-pharmacological interventions, exercise has previously been proven beneficial and shown to reduce LDL and increase HDL across all ages in cognitively normal individuals (Kelley et al., 2005).”
BackgroundNelson, V. R., Masocol, R. V., & Asif, I. M. (2019) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738119884083 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“6% of American adolescents are insufficiently active.(9) In this study, only 41.”
BackgroundSubías-Perié, J., Navarrete‐Villanueva, D., Fernández‐García, Á. I., Moradell, A., Lozano‐Berges, G., Gesteiro, E., Pérez‐Gómez, J., Ara, I., Gómez‐Cabello, A., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., et al. (2024) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112363 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“While some studies have reported that aerobic exercise can increase HDL-C levels (Kelley et al., 2005; Pattyn et al., 2013; Wewege et al., 2018), others, including Ostman et al. (2017), have found no significant effects.”
BackgroundBarha, C. K., Dao, E. A., Marcotte, L., Hsiung, G. R., Tam, R. C., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99249-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dyslipidaemia among Nigerian oil workers with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Edo, A., & Adediran, O. S. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dyslipidemia Management for Elderly People with Metabolic Syndrome: A Mini-Review
Chen, C., Lee, C., Chien, S., Su, M., Lin, S.-I., Cheng, C.-W., Hung, T., & Yeh, H. (2017) · International journal of gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2017.07.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Association Between a Physical Activity Vital Sign and Cardiometabolic Disease in High-Risk Patients
Nelson, V. R., Masocol, R. V., Ewing, J. A., Johnston, S., Hale, A. L., Wiederman, M., & Asif, I. M. (2018) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000588 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Population-based physical activity interventions have demonstrated reductions in cardiovascular disease risk and cardiometabolic risk factors including blood pressure (BP)(12) and cholesterol.(13) Recently the role of an exercise or physical activity vital sign (PAVS) has been championed as an intervention strategy fo…”
BackgroundThe boiling‐point relations of cadmium and zinc at elevated pressures
Baker, E. H. (1966) · Journal of Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jctb.5010161102 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Goerke, M., Sobieray, U., Becke, A., Düzel, E., Cohrs, S., & Müller, N. G. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1460-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yanovski, Z., Sacks, F. M., Smith, S. C., Svetkey, L. P., Wadden, T. A., Lee, I.-M. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Eckel, H., et al. (2014) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
EFEITO DO EXERCÍCIO SOBRE OS NÍVEIS DE HDL-C: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA DE METANÁLISES
Fraga, A. S., Ladeia, A. M. T., de Sá, C. K. C., & Tenório, M. C. C. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-869220172306163603 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kim, K., & Cho, J.-H. (2013) · The Official Journal of the Korean Academy of Kinesiology · doi:10.15758/jkak.2013.15.2.105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sex differences in total cholesterol of Vietnamese adults
Nga, T. T. T., Blizzard, C. L., Luong, K. N., Truong, N. L. V., Bao, T. Q., Otáhal, P., Nelson, M. R., Magnussen, C. G., Bui, T. V., Srikanth, V. K., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256589 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors may have an effect on lipid profiles [35, 36], and associations of these factors with TC have been observed in some studies [37, 38].”
BackgroundLópez, P., Newton, R. U., Taaffe, D. R., Winters‐Stone, K. M., Buffart, L. M., & Galvao, D. A. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103995 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, H., Kimura, Y., Takahashi, M., Nakaoka, T., Yamada, Y., Ono, R., & Shibata, S. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05526-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Many epidemiological studies and meta-analyses demonstrate the effect of physical activity on CVDs and mortality across all age groups and demographics (Kelley et al. 2005; Koba et al. 2011).”
BackgroundLICHTENSTEIN, H., Loria, C. M., Millen, B. E., Miller, N. H., Nonas, C., Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., Hubbard, S. M., Jesus, J. M. D., et al. (2013) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
shinyuna, & Kim, H.-J. (2010) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2010.19.3.231 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE TYPE AND INTENSITY ON VISFATIN AND THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN OBESITY
Lee, J.-K. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0088 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fellows, L., Miller, E. H., Frederickson, M., Bly, B., & Felt, P. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Clinical inquiries. Which lifestyle interventions effectively lower LDL cholesterol?
Powers, E., Saultz, J. W., Hamilton, A., & Lo, V. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Townsend, N. P. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809657-4.99735-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
BENEFITS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HEALTHY AGING
Lazzer, S., Rejc, E., & del Torto, A. (2018) · Annales Kinesiologiae · doi:10.35469/ak.2017.135 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Heart Failure
Intwala, S., & Balady, G. J. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018831 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The biological link between exercise and coronary heart disease protection has been attributed to improved antioxidative protection, changes in mitochondrial metabolism, favorable lipid changes (increase high-density lipoprotein, decrease low-density lipoprotein), and control of known atherosclerotic risk factors.(14,…”
BackgroundZhou, T., Su, S., Yuan, C., Jiang, D., Qiu, Y., Xiao, J., Lu, X., Gu, D., & Liu, F. (2026) · Medicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.medp.2026.100137 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of green tea on the cardiovascular system
Maternia, J., Miszczyk, K., Maj, P., Sergiel, N., Kania, A., Gonet, M., Włodarczyk-Cybulska, K., Mozer, P., Lazar, M., & Serwik-Trandasir, A. (2023) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2023.46.01.014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Mogą również przyczynić się do poprawy profilu lipidowego, regulując syntezę tłuszczów i obniżając absorpcję lipidów w jelicie [22].”
Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Savera, G., Landi, F., & Marzetti, E. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02549-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have reported that aerobic training (AT), land-or water-based exercises in which muscle contractions are sustained for long periods [10], ameliorates cardiometabolic risk factors [11–14].”
BackgroundCardiac Rehabilitation in Geriatric Individuals
Kutukcu, E. C., Topcuoğlu, C., Ar, U., & Sağlam, M. (2024) · Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/tgr.0000000000000448 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Anton, S., & Manini, T. M. (2010) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-010-0100-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Another meta-analyses of 13 studies (17 exercise groups, 14 control) concluded that the average reduction in body weight following an exercise intervention is 0.7 kg [ 41 ].”
BackgroundInfluentialNúñez-Cortés, J. M., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Pintó, X. (2011) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2011.07.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kashef, M., Karizak, S. Z., & Shabaninia, M. (2014) · مجله علمی پژوهشی افق دانش · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elfira, E. (2020) · Nurse and Health Jurnal Keperawatan · doi:10.36720/nhjk.v9i2.193 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Health and Nutrition Analysis in Older Adults in San José de Minas Rural Parish in Quito, Ecuador
Ordóñez-Araque, R., Caicedo-Jaramillo, C., Gálvez, M. M. G., & Proaño-Zavala, J. (2023) · Global Health · doi:10.1155/2023/1839084 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, it improves the immune system response, can reduce the risk of falls and cardiovascular diseases, can contribute to a reduction in muscle atrophy, increases the excretion of cholesterol, and consequently reduces the risk of atherosclerosis [4, 6, 7].”
Bénéfices pour la santé de la pratique d’une activité physique chez le sujet âgé
Vogel, T., Lang, P. O., Schmitt, E., Kaltenbach, G., & Gény, B. (2013) · Les cahiers de l année gérontologique · doi:10.1007/s12612-013-0360-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fruchart, J., Sacks, F. M., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Češka, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2010) · Cor et Vasa · doi:10.33678/cor.2010.056 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Physical Activity and the Mediterranean Diet
Hingle, M. D., Laddu, D., & Going, S. B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27969-5_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“1 %), but not TG [ 55 ] with moderate intensity (55–90 % of maximum heart rate) aerobic activity; increased HDL-C and decreased ratio of TC/HDL-C were the only fractions that remained statistically signifi cant after a sensitivity analysis to identify publication bias ( p < 0.”
BackgroundAVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS DA ATIVIDADE FÍSICA NA PREVENÇÃO DE DOENÇAS CARDIOVASCULARES
Melo, T. D. P. N., Andrade, P. R. M., Santos, G. A. R., Júnior, L. R. D. A., da Silva, A. K. O., Rodrigues, M. G. D. O., Magalhães, P. R., Magalhães, L. R., do Nascimento, A. L., & de Souza, L. M. (2024) · Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação · doi:10.51891/rease.v10i6.13879 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Scientific Statement From the American
Rhodes, J., Thompson, P. D., Williams, M. A., Coke, L. A., Fleg, J. L., Forman, D. E., Gerber, T. C., Gulati, M., Fletcher, F. M., Ades, P. A., et al. (2013) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chehuen, M. D. R. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2014.tde-11052015-095750 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Naharcı, M. İ., & Taşçı, İ. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15877 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis reported aerobic exercise increases HDL-C and decreases the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C in adults aged 50 years or older.(8) In a recent study, Aparicio-Ugarriza et al suggested that physical fitness was associated with improved HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in adults age…”
BackgroundAerobic Exercise Training and Healthy Aging
Fleg, J. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_605-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Weight Loss Versus Behavioral Change as the Primary Goal in Clinical Practice
Vaughan, E. M., & Johnston, C. A. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827615579166
Jakicic, J. M., Ard, D., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, S. M., Nonas, C., Jesus, J. M. D., Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Svetkey, L. P., Loria, C. M., et al. (2013)
- Authors
- Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., & Tran, Z. V.
- Affiliations
- West Virginia University (US)
- Venue
- Preventive Cardiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 206-214
- ISSN
- 1520-037X (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7141
- PMC
- PMC2447857
- OpenAlex
- W2009903068
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL069802)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, older adults, lipoproteins, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, TC/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, lipid profile, cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Middle Aged, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
