Differential Use of the Campbell River Estuary, British Columbia by Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Levings, C. D.; McAllister, C. D.; Chang, B. D.

doi:10.1139/f86-172

Cited by 80Fish Ecology and Management StudiesMarine and fisheries researchFish Biology and Ecology Studies

Differential Use of the Campbell River Estuary, British Columbia by Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Levings, C. D., McAllister, C. D., Chang, B. D.·1986·Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

DOI 10.1139/f86-172

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Abstract

From March 1982 to December 1983, juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were sampled by beach-seine in the Campbell River estuary and adjacent waters of Discovery Passage in order to examine estuarine use by wild and hatchery stocks. Wild juvenile chinook entered the estuary as migrant fry and were present in the estuarine zone mainly in late April to June, in the transition zone in mid-May to July, and in the marine zone in July. Hatchery fish were released from early May to early July. Maximum catches of wild stocks were similar in the estuarine and transition zones, while the maximum catches of most hatchery stocks were higher in the transition zone. For both wild and hatchery chinook, catches in the marine zone were much lower than in the estuarine and transition zones. Wild fry resided in the estuary for 40–60 d, while most hatchery fish used the estuary for about one-half this period. Wild stocks showed a relatively constant rate of increase in mean size from May to September. Higher rates of increase in the mean size of hatchery fish were shown by groups with earlier release dates and smaller mean sizes. Residency time and growth rates for wild fish were comparable with those observed in an estuary without hatchery fish. Potential for interaction between wild and hatchery stocks was greatest in the transition zone, where hatchery fish were most abundant and because hatchery releases occurred when catches of wild fish were highest in this foreshore area.

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Most estuarine food webs supporting subyearling Chinook salmon are a function of marsh production.
“Most estuarine food webs supporting subyearling Chinook salmon are a function of marsh production (Levings et al. 1986).”
From Evidence‐based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration (2016) · cites this paper as Levings et al. 1986
The interaction of juvenile salmon with wetland sites can include multiple visits to multiple sites, as well as both direct and indirect interactions with tidal wetlands as the salmon migrate through the lower LCRE.
“Second, the interaction of juvenile salmon with these wetland sites can include multiple visits to multiple sites, as well as both direct and indirect interactions with tidal wetlands as the salmon migrate through the lower LCRE (Healey 1982, Levings et al. 1986, Maier and Simenstad 2009).”
From Evidence‐based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration (2016) · cites this paper as Levings et al. 1986

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Changes in aquatic prey resources in response to estuary restoration in Willapa Bay, southwestern Washington
Woo, I., Davis, M. J., & Cruz, S. E. W. D. L. (2018) · Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World · doi:10.3133/ofr20181194
Carey D. McAllister (3 May 1931 – 17 December 2011)
(2012) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f2012-067
Release strategies affect the freshwater residence and survival of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook Salmon
Balfour, T., Hurwitz, D. J. A., Atkinson, J. B., & Martins, E. G. (2025) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1093/tafafs/vnaf009
Historical case study of a transfer experiment that demonstrated the importance of the estuarine ecosystem for the survival of Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) at the Campbell River estuary, British Columbia, Canada
Levings, C. D., & Macdonald, J. S. (2026) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.70443
Self-citation
Dietary analysis of wild and hatchery juvenile Chinook Salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in the Fraser River estuary reveals ontogenetic and foraging differences
Roper, P., Scott, D. C., Hunt, B. P. V., MacDuffee, M., Rhodes, S., & Hinch, S. G. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2026-0044
The Use of otolith daily increment widths to estimate the size and growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Bradford, M. J. (1985) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)

Spatial and temporal distribution and the potential for estuarine interactions between wild and hatchery chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) in Taku Inlet, Alaska
Reese, C. D., Hillgruber, N., Sturdevant, M. V., Wertheimer, A. C., Smoker, W. W., & Focht, R. (2009) · AquaDocs (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Residence of Juvenile Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in the Smith River Estuary, California, 1998–2000
Zajanc, D. (2003) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Chinook salmon exhibit long-term rearing and early marine growth in the Fraser River, British Columbia, a large urban estuary
Chalifour, L., Scott, D. C., MacDuffee, M., Stark, S., Dower, J. F., Beacham, T. D., Martin, T. G., & Baum, J. K. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2020-0247 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Variation in estuary use patterns of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Fraser River, BC
Scott, D. C., Chalifour, L., MacDuffee, M., Baum, J. K., Beacham, T. D., Rondeau, E., & Hinch, S. G. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/cjfas-2024-0012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dietary analysis of wild and hatchery juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Fraser River estuary reveals differences in ontogenetic shifts
Roper, P. (2025) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0450883

Authors: Levings, C. D., McAllister, C. D., & Chang, B. D.
ORCID: Levings, C. D.
Venue: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
Published: 1986-07-01
Volume: 43
Issue: 7
Pages: 1386-1397
ISSN: 0706-652X (ISSN-L)
1205-7533
DOI: 10.1139/f86-172
OpenAlex: W2142027341
Cited by: 79
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 0.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)
Locations: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
Keywords: Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, hatchery-reared fish, wild fish, juvenile salmon, habitat use, residence time, growth rate, Discovery Passage

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Differential Use of the Campbell River Estuary, British Columbia by Wild and Hatchery-Reared Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

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