Distribution, Size, and Origin of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Shallow-Water Habitats of the Lower Columbia River and Estuary, 2002–2007

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The ability of many salmon stocks to express diverse life histories during the juvenile phase is thought to be an important adaptive mechanism for mitigating natural environmental variability.

“The ability of many salmon stocks to express diverse life histories during the juvenile phase is thought to be an important adaptive mechanism for mitigating natural environmental variability (Healey 1991;Waples et al. 2009).”

• cites Healey 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Waples et al. 2009 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

More than half of the unmarked juveniles observed by Sather et al. (2009) were stocks from the interior Columbia River basin, a much greater proportion than observed at our shallow-water sites.

“However, more than half of the unmarked juveniles observed by Sather et al. (2009) were stocks from the interior Columbia River basin, a much greater proportion than we observed at our shallow-water sites.”

• cites Sather et al. (2009) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Spatial gradients in Chinook salmon abundance and size were strong, with fewer but larger fish in brackish than in tidal freshwater zones.

“Spatial gradients in abundance and size were strong, with fewer but larger fish in brackish than in tidal freshwater zones.”

May combine two claims.

The majority of Chinook salmon analyzed genetically were from fall-run stock groups originating in the lower Columbia River, with 15% originating from other stock groups.

“Genetic stock assessment revealed that the majority of the Chinook salmon analyzed were from fall-run stock groups originating in the lower Columbia River, with 15% originating from other stock groups.”

May combine two claims.

Chinook salmon abundance increased in February and decreased in August, but salmon were present in all months each year.

“Abundance increased in February and decreased in August, but salmon were present in all months each year.”

May combine two claims.

During summer-fall, catches were moderate throughout the tidal gradient but significantly higher in the tidal freshwater zone.

“During summer-fall, catches were moderate throughout the tidal gradient but significantly higher in the tidal freshwater zone.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Coded-wire-tagged subyearling Chinook salmon were recaptured at estuarine and tidal freshwater sites with time to capture ranging from 4 to 137 days.

“| Elochoman River | WA | 1 | 7 Jun 2007 | LES | WA | 4 | 10.50 |”

• Also stated in: § Consequences for Restoration · plain

  “| Kalama River | WA | 1 | 18 Jun 2002 | ETI | OR | 137 | 0.61 |”

May combine two claims.

Tagged fish were recovered from March through October and were migrating from 1 to 143 d at rates between 0.25 and 42 km/d.

“Tagged fish were recovered from March through October and were migrating from 1 to 143 d at rates between 0.25 and 42 km/d.”

May combine two claims.

The lowest subyearling abundances were found in the lower estuary zone, where abundance peaked in July.

“The lowest abundances were found in the lower estuary zone, where abundance peaked in July.”

May combine two claims.

In the lower estuary, mean size increased from winter to summer-fall, while in the other zones fish were significantly larger in summer-fall than in other seasons.

“In the lower estuary, mean size increased from winter to summer-fall, while in the other zones fish were significantly larger in summer-fall than in other seasons.”

May combine two claims.

In all years, Chinook salmon were found during every month, although at low abundance during October-January.

“In all years, we found Chinook salmon during every month, although at low abundance during October-January (Figures 2, 3).”

May combine two claims.

The presence of fish in the 30-40-mm range was generally synchronous across all sample sites in January-March, indicating a rapid dispersion of newly emerged fish from their natal streams.

“The presence of fish in the 30-40-mm range was generally synchronous across all sample sites in January-March (Figures 2, 7), indicating a rapid dispersion of newly emerged fish from their natal streams, as has been observed elsewhere (e.g., Healey 1980;Bottom et al. 2005a).”

• cites Healey 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bottom et al. 2005aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Fewer fry were captured in the middle estuary zone, where they were most abundant from March through June but were present as late as August.

“Fewer fry were captured in the middle estuary zone, where they were most abundant from March through June but were present as late as August.”

May combine two claims.

The lowest numbers of fry were found in the lower estuary zone, where they were most abundant in March but were largely absent after June.

“The lowest numbers of fry were found in the lower estuary zone, where they were most abundant in March but were largely absent after June.”

May combine two claims.

Upper Columbia River summer-fall fingerlings made up a larger proportion in summer-fall than in spring, most notably in the lower estuary zone, where the stock contributed 1% in spring and 20% in summer-fall.

“Upper Columbia River summer-fall fingerlings made up a larger proportion in summer-fall than in spring, most notably in the lower estuary zone, where the stock contributed 1% in spring and 20% in summer-fall.”

May combine two claims.

At tidal freshwater sites in spring, the Spring Creek group stock accounted for 16% of the catch for fry but 51% for fingerlings.

“At tidal freshwater sites in spring, the Spring Creek group stock accounted for 16% of the catch for fry but 51% for fingerlings, as noted above.”

May combine two claims.

The highest overall percentage of fry occurred in the tidal freshwater zone (41.5%), followed by the middle (23.2%) and lower estuary (13.7%) zones.

“The highest overall percentage of fry occurred in the tidal freshwater zone (41.5%), followed by the middle (23.2%) and lower estuary (13.7%) zones (Figure 7).”

May combine two claims.

We captured only three PIT-tagged fish; two were from lower river tributaries, and the other was a subyearling migrant released from the Snake River 10 km above the confluence with the Clearwater River.

“We captured only three PIT-tagged fish; two were from lower river tributaries, and the other was a subyearling migrant released from the Snake River 10 km above the confluence with the Clearwater River.”

May combine two claims.

There were significant differences among catches across seasons, with catches highest during spring (50.7 ± 6.9), intermediate in summer-fall (21.4 ± 3.6), and lowest during winter (5.9 ± 1.5).

“There were significant differences among catches across seasons (Figure 4B), with catches being highest during spring (50.7 ± 6.9), intermediate in summer-fall (21.4 ± 3.6), and lowest during winter (5.9 ± 1.5).”

May combine two claims.

Chinook salmon subyearlings were found year-round but were broadly distributed in time from February through August.

“Chinook salmon subyearlings were found year-round but were broadly distributed in time from February through August.”

May combine two claims.

The Spring Creek group tule fall-run stock was also present in spring samples but was largely absent during summer-fall.

“The other tule fall-run stock in our analysis, the Spring Creek group, was also present in spring samples but was largely absent during summer-fall.”

May combine two claims.

At middle estuary sites, Spring Creek group fish contributed 34% to the fry population but 70% to fingerling life histories.

“Similarly, at middle estuary sites, the Spring Creek group fish contributed 34% to the fry population, but more than double that amount (70%) to fingerling life histories.”

May combine two claims.

The highest mean monthly catches of subyearlings occurred in the tidal freshwater zone, with a broad peak from April to June.

“The highest mean monthly catches of subyearlings occurred in the tidal freshwater zone, with a broad peak from April to June (Figure 3).”

May combine two claims.

Thirteen percent of subyearlings migrated at rates >20 km/d, 28% at rates between 10 and 20 km/d, and 58% at rates <10 km/d.

“Thirteen percent of subyearlings migrated at rates >20 km/d, 28% at rates between 10 and 20 km/d, and 58% at rates <10 km/d.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In beach seine samples from 2002-2007, yearling Chinook salmon were rare in all zones, comprising 2.5% of the total catch.

“| Yearling | 84 | 2.9 | 56 | 2.5 | 16 | 1.4 | 156 | 2.5 |”

May combine two claims.

In beach seine samples from 2002-2007, the proportion of fry Chinook salmon was highest in tidal freshwater (41.5%) and lowest in the lower estuary (13.7%).

“| Fry | 1,196 | 41.5 | 511 | 23.2 | 152 | 13.7 | 1,859 | 30.0 |”

May combine two claims.

By November mean fork lengths in the tidal freshwater zone remained <100 mm while fish at the lower and middle estuary stations averaged between 120 and 150 mm.

“For example, by November mean fork lengths in the tidal freshwater zone remained <100 mm while fish at the lower and middle estuary stations averaged between 120 and 150 mm.”

May combine two claims.

The Spring Creek group fall stock contributed the greatest proportion of fry during winter, comprising 40% in the tidal freshwater zone and 75% in the middle estuary zone.

“The Spring Creek group fall stock contributed the greatest proportion of fry during winter, comprising 40% in the tidal freshwater zone and 75% in the middle estuary zone.”

May combine two claims.

In the tidal freshwater zone, all seasons differed, with spring having the highest and winter the lowest catches.

“In the tidal freshwater zone, all seasons differed, with spring having the highest and winter the lowest catches.”

May combine two claims.

Yearling abundance was concentrated in March and early April in the tidal freshwater zone, where they composed 2.9% of the measured population.

“Yearling abundance was concentrated in March and early April in the tidal freshwater zone, where they composed 2.9% of the measured population.”

May combine two claims.

Fish released from Spring Creek Hatchery exhibited the highest migration rate as well as some of the lowest migration rates, along with fish released from the Kalama and Cowlitz hatcheries.

“Fish released from Spring Creek Hatchery exhibited the highest migration rate as well as some of the lowest migration rates, along with fish released from the Kalama and Cowlitz hatcheries.”

May combine two claims.

Of the 6,195 fish that were measured, 97.4% were subyearlings and only 156 were yearlings.

“Of the 6,195 fish that were measured, 97.4% were subyearlings and only 156 were yearlings (Figure 2; Table 1).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Among yearling Chinook salmon across all zones and seasons, the Spring Creek fall genetic stock group was the most abundant, comprising 46.2% of 36 fish.

“All 36 0.028 0.462 0.371 0.034 0.000 0.017 0.062 0.000 0.028 0.000 0.000”

May combine two claims.

The furthest migrant was a yearling Chinook salmon that had originated in the Tucannon River, Washington (rkm 680), and represented the Snake River spring stock.

“The furthest migrant was a yearling Chinook salmon that had originated in the Tucannon River, Washington (rkm 680), and represented the Snake River spring stock.”

May combine two claims.

West Cascade Tributary fall fingerlings were the second most abundant stock, with the highest proportion in tidal freshwater (45%) and the lowest in the lower estuary zone (5%).

“West Cascade Tributary fall fingerlings were the second most abundant stock, with the highest proportion occurring in the tidal freshwater (45%) and the lowest proportion in the lower estuary zone (5%).”

May combine two claims.

Mean salmon fork length differed significantly among zones, with the smallest mean size at tidal freshwater sites and the largest at lower estuary sites.

“Mean salmon fork length differed significantly among zones, with the smallest mean size being found at tidal freshwater sites and the largest at lower estuary sites (Figure 5).”

May combine two claims.

Smaller stock proportions included the upper Columbia River summer-fall (6%), West Cascade tributary spring (3%), Rogue River fall (3%), and Willamette River spring (1%) stocks.

“Smaller stock proportions included the upper Columbia River summer-fall (6%), West Cascade tributary spring (3%), Rogue River fall (3%), and Willamette River spring (1%) stocks (Table A.2).”

May combine two claims.

The fewest number and smallest proportion of yearlings were found in the lower estuary zone (1.4%), where abundance peaked during April and May.

“The fewest number and smallest proportion of yearlings were found in the lower estuary zone (1.4%), where abundance peaked during April and May.”

May combine two claims.

In the middle estuary zone, subyearling abundance followed a bimodal distribution, with peaks in May and July and maximum abundance about half of that in the tidal freshwater zone.

“In the middle estuary zone, abundance followed a bimodal distribution, with peaks occurring in May and July and maximum abundance levels about half of those seen in the tidal freshwater zone.”

May combine two claims.

Days postrelease ranged from 4 to 52, and migration rates ranged from 2 to 26 km/d; most tagged yearling Chinook migrated at rates less than 10 km/d.

“Days postrelease ranged from 4 to 52, and migration rates ranged from 2 to 26 km/d; however, most tagged yearling Chinook migrated at rates less than 10 km/d.”

May combine two claims.

Yearling fish were generally present during March-May, while subyearlings were present year-round.

“Yearling fish were generally present during March-May, while subyearlings were present year-round.”

May combine two claims.

Mean monthly catches differed between zones, and CPUE was significantly higher in the tidal freshwater zone in all seasons except winter, when catches were low and variable in all zones.

“Mean monthly catches differed between zones (Figure 3), and CPUE was significantly higher in the tidal freshwater zone in all seasons except winter, when catches were low and variable in all zones (Figure 4C).”

May combine two claims.

At the tidal freshwater sites, fry in the size range of 40-60 mm were abundant from March to July and were present as late as September.

“At the tidal freshwater sites, fry in the size range of 40-60 mm were abundant from March to July and were present as late as September.”

May combine two claims.

Three tagged fish originated from hatcheries outside the Columbia River basin: two from the Nemah River in Willapa Bay, Washington, and one from the Quinault River on the Washington coast.

“For example, three fish originated from hatcheries outside the Columbia River basin: two were from the Nemah River in Willapa Bay, Washington, and one was from the Quinault River on the Washington coast.”

May combine two claims.

West Cascade tributary spring stock and, to a lesser extent, Willamette River spring stock fry were present in both winter and spring.

“The West Cascade tributary spring stock and, to a lesser extent, the Willamette River spring stock fry were present in both winter and spring.”

May combine two claims.

No size differences were found among the three zones in winter, mainly due to high variance.

“No size differences were found among the three zones in winter, mainly due to high variance (Figure 5C).”

May combine two claims.

Sixty-eight percent of subyearlings had been migrating for <30 d, 21% between 30 and 60 d, and 11% for >60 d.

“Sixty-eight percent of subyearlings had been migrating for <30 d, 21% between 30 and 60 d, and 11% for >60 d.”

May combine two claims.

Tests for differences in CPUE and for size grouped by zone and season indicated significant main effects and interaction terms (ANOVA; both P < 0.001).

“Tests for differences in CPUE and for size grouped by zone and season indicated significant main effects and interaction terms (ANOVA; both P < 0.001).”

May combine two claims.

Of the yearling Chinook salmon sampled, 87% were spring-run stocks, with 46% from West Cascade tributaries, 37% from the Willamette River, 3% from the Snake River, and 1% from the mid-Columbia River.

“Of these, 87% were spring-run stocks, with 46% from West Cascade tributaries, 37% from the Willamette River, 3% from the Snake River, and 1% from the mid-Columbia River.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most marks were adipose fin clips.

“Most marks were adipose fin clips.”

May combine two claims.

The predominant species and life history types utilizing the monitored sites were subyearling Chinook and chum salmon.

“The predominant species and life history types utilizing the monitored sites were subyearling Chinook and chum salmon.”

May combine two claims.

Fry comprised a high percentage of the catch at most sites from January through April; the proportion of fry diminished at lower and middle estuary sites after April, while remaining relatively high in the tidal freshwater zone until August.

“Fry comprised a high percentage of the catch at most sites from January through April; the proportion of fry diminished at lower and middle estuary sites after April, while remaining relatively high in the tidal freshwater zone until August (Figure 7).”

May combine two claims.

The chum population was composed almost entirely of fry-sized animals and was most prevalent in estuarine sites over a contracted migration period during March-May.

“The chum population was composed almost entirely of fry-sized animals and was most prevalent in estuarine sites over a contracted migration period during March-May (Roegner et al. 2008).”

• cites Roegner et al. 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The contemporary fry threshold in the tidal freshwater zone occurs in late April, whereas Dawley et al. (1985) found mean size exceeded 60 mm by March in most years.

“Dawley et al. (1985) found the mean size of Chinook subyearling salmon exceeded 60 mm by March of most years in the tidal freshwater zone, whereas regression statistics indicate the contemporary fry threshold in the tidal freshwater zone occurs in late April (Figure 6).”

• cites Dawley et al. (1985)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

11 of the 13 Columbia River stock groups were represented among the samples collected; CWT data indicate relatively long migration times for both subyearling and yearling fish and show a protracted residency for a portion of the salmon population.

“However, 11 of the 13 Columbia River stock groups were also represented among the samples collected; moreover, CWT data indicate relatively long migration times for both subyearling and yearling fish and show a protracted residency for a portion of the salmon population.”

May combine two claims.

Analysis of release groups provided evidence of both schooling and wide spatial dispersion, along with variations in migration rate within and between groups.

“Analysis of release groups provided evidence of both schooling and wide spatial dispersion, along with variations in migration rate within and between groups (Table 4).”

May combine two claims.

Coded wire tags confirmed genetic source data, which showed that the fingerlings found in shallow-water habitat were primarily from a variety of lower-river hatchery stocks.

“Coded wire tags confirmed genetic source data, which showed that the fingerlings found in shallow-water habitat were primarily from a variety of lower-river hatchery stocks (Table 3; Figure 12).”

May combine two claims.

Yearling abundance was concentrated during March and April, although individual yearling fish were captured at all landscape zones outside these main migration periods.

“Yearling abundance was concentrated during March and April, although individual yearling fish were captured at all landscape zones outside these main migration periods.”

May combine two claims.

During summer-fall (July-October), the proportion of Spring Creek group fingerlings declined to less than 10% in all regions and West Cascade tributary fall stocks dominated with proportional abundances of 83, 62, and 52% in the tidal freshwater, middle estuary, and lower estuary zones.

“However, during summer-fall (July-October), the proportion of Spring Creek group fingerlings declined to less than 10% in all regions and West Cascade tributary fall stocks dominated with respective proportional abundances of 83, 62, and 52% in the tidal freshwater, middle estuary, and lower estuary zones.”

May combine two claims.

Relatively few yearling Chinook salmon were sampled, and the genetic stock composition estimate was derived from 36 individuals.

“Relatively few yearling Chinook salmon were sampled in our study, and the genetic stock composition estimate was derived from 36 individuals (Figure 8).”

May combine two claims.

Summer and fall samples were dominated by the West Cascade tributary fall stock group and included increasing proportions of Upper Columbia summer-fall juveniles, particularly in the lower estuary (20% of fingerlings).

“Summer and fall samples were dominated by the West Cascade tributary fall stock group and included increasing proportions of Upper Columbia summer-fall juveniles, particularly in the lower estuary (20% of fingerlings).”

May combine two claims.

Overall, mean ± SE catches trended from 46.3 ± 7.3 in the tidal freshwater zone to 10.8 ± 2.6 in the lower estuary zone, with significantly lower catches near the mouth of the estuary.

“Overall, mean ± SE catches trended from 46.3 ± 7.3 in the tidal freshwater zone to 10.8 ± 2.6 in the lower estuary zone, with significantly lower catches near the mouth of the estuary (Figure 4A).”

May combine two claims.

There was no relation between migration rate and either size at capture or release location.

“There was no relation between migration rate and either size at capture or release location (Figure 12).”

May combine two claims.

In our study, CWT-derived migration rates ranged from 2.4 to 25.8 km/d, with postrelease periods up to 52 d.

“In our study, CWT-derived migration rates ranged from 2.4 to 25.8 km/d, with postrelease periods up to 52 d (Figure 12).”

May combine two claims.

Upper Clifton Channel had the highest overall percent fry abundance (42.2%) and exhibited high mean monthly percentages from January through July.

“Upper Clifton Channel had the highest overall percent fry abundance (42.2%) and exhibited high mean monthly percentages from January through July”

May combine two claims.

In all samples across all seasons and zones (2002-2006), the Willamette River spring genetic stock group was the most abundant, comprising 50.8% of 2,138 Chinook salmon.

“All 2,138 0.508 0.028 0.013 0.338 0.003 0.000 0.062 0.008 0.001 0.025 0.014”

May combine two claims.

From 2002 to 2006, 8.0 ± 2.0% of subyearling Chinook salmon were adipose fin clipped, but during 2007-2008 this rate increased to 53.2 ± 13.7% (range, 30.1-65.9%).

“From 2002 to 2006, 8.0 ± 2.0% of subyearling Chinook salmon were adipose fin clipped (Table 2), but during 2007-2008 this rate increased to 53.2 ± 13.7% (range, 30.1-65.9%).”

May combine two claims.

Migration rates ranged from <1 to 29 km/d, and many fish from below Bonneville Dam resided for an extended period in the lower river and/or brackish estuary.

“Migration rates ranged from <1 to 29 km/d, and many fish from below Bonneville Dam resided for an extended period in the lower river and/or brackish estuary.”

May combine two claims.

The Spring Creek group fall fish migrated through the system early in the year, and by summer and fall few of this stock were present at shallow-water sampling sites.

“The Spring Creek group fall fish migrated through the system early in the year, and by summer and fall few of this stock were present at our shallow-water sampling sites.”

May combine two claims.

In spring, catches increased in all zones, but there was a significant gradient of decreasing catch with downstream location.

“In spring, catches increased in all zones, but there was a significant gradient of decreasing catch with downstream location.”

May combine two claims.

Fry were present at all sites, and recently emerged individuals (31-45 mm) appeared simultaneously throughout the LCRE in early spring.

“Fry were present at all sites, and recently emerged individuals (31-45 mm) appeared simultaneously throughout the LCRE in early spring.”

May combine two claims.

Regression coefficients implied that size at capture in tidal freshwater regions was half that in the lower estuary zone and differed as much as 40 mm by late summer.

“Regression coefficients implied that size at capture in tidal freshwater regions was half that in the lower estuary zone (Figure 6) and differed as much as 40 mm by late summer.”

May combine two claims.

Most Chinook salmon fry used in the genetic analysis were sampled from tidal freshwater sites and were identified as belonging to the West Cascade tributary fall stock group in both the spring (78%) and summer-fall (97%) sampling periods.

“Most Chinook salmon fry used in the genetic analysis were sampled from tidal freshwater sites and were identified as belonging to the West Cascade tributary fall stock group in both the spring (78%) and summer-fall (97%) sampling periods (Figures 9, 10).”

May combine two claims.

In the middle estuary, yearling abundance was 2.5% of the salmonid population and was concentrated in late March to early May.

“In the middle estuary, yearling abundance (2.5% of the salmonid population) was concentrated in late March to early May.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Among spring fingerlings in tidal freshwater, the West Cascade tributary spring genetic stock group was the most abundant, comprising 50.9% of 318 fish.

“TFW 318 0.445 0.006 0.000 0.509 0.003 0.000 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At all sites, high variance was evident in the monthly averages.

“At all sites, high variance was evident in the monthly averages.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The early 1914-1916 investigation indicated that a variety of subyearling migration patterns were present.

“This early investigation indicated that a variety of subyearling migration patterns were present.”

• cites Rich 1920Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The abundance of salmonid populations in the Columbia River basin has declined through the past 150 years due in part to alterations of salmon habitat, including degradation and loss of spawning and rearing areas, alteration of river flows, and impediments to juvenile and adult migrations.

“The abundance of salmonid populations in the Columbia River basin has declined through the past 150 years due in part to alterations of salmon habitat (Myers et al. 2006), including the degradation and loss of spawning and rearing areas, alteration of river flows from historical patterns, and impediments to juvenile and adult migrations (Sherwood et al. 1990;Sheer and Steel 2006).”

• cites Myers et al. 2006Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sherwood et al. 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sheer and Steel 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Reimers and Loeffel (1967) found differences in emergence rates, growth, and residency between the larger, colder rivers draining Mt. St. Helens and the smaller, warmer rivers draining Coast Range watersheds.

“Subsequently, Reimers and Loeffel (1967) found differences in emergence rates, growth, and residency between the larger, colder rivers draining Mt.St. Helens and the smaller, warmer rivers draining Coast Range watersheds.”

• cites Reimers and Loeffel (1967)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The years 1934 to 1971 saw dam construction on the Columbia and Snake rivers and on many of their tributaries, which severely eliminated habitat and curtailed salmon migration patterns.

“The years 1934 to 1971 saw dam construction on the Columbia and Snake rivers and on many of their tributaries, which severely eliminated habitat and curtailed salmon migration patterns (Bottom et al. 2005b).”

• cites Bottom et al. 2005bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From 1966 to 1983, an extensive beach- and purse-seining effort documented the abundance, distribution, migration patterns, and postrelease survival of wild and hatchery-reared salmon and steelhead, including subyearling Chinook salmon.

“From 1966 to 1983, an extensive beach-and purse-seining effort documented the abundance, distribution, migration patterns, and postrelease survival of wild and hatchery-reared salmon and steelhead, including subyearling Chinook salmon”

• cites Durkin 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Dawley et al. 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Dawley et al. 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since that time, 13 Columbia River basin Pacific salmon and steelhead evolutionarily significant units have been listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

“Since that time, 13 Columbia River basin Pacific salmon and steel-head evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) have been listed as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (Good et al. (2005), prompting changes to the way the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) has been operated and managed.”

• cites Good et al. (2005)Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sites were sampled monthly from January 2002 through September 2007, although adverse weather prevented sampling on 25 of 460 (5.4%) sample dates, usually in November through February.

“Sites were sampled monthly from January 2002 through September 2007, although adverse weather prevented sampling on 25 of 460 (5.4%) sample dates, usually in November through February.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The precision of the stock composition results was estimated by bootstrapping baseline and mixture data 100 times as implemented by ONCOR.

“The precision of the stock composition results was estimated by bootstrapping baseline and mixture data (100 times) as implemented by ONCOR (Kalinowski et al. 2007).”

• cites Kalinowski et al. 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Estuary restoration activities have expanded rapidly in recent years in an effort to help recover at-risk populations.

“Estuary restoration activities have expanded rapidly in recent years in an effort to help recover at-risk populations (LCREP 2011).”

• cites LCREP 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Questions remain concerning which specific stocks of concern will benefit from estuary restoration efforts.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Restoration of degraded wetlands intended to improve juvenile rearing opportunities is presently being implemented or planned in many regions of the LCRE.

“Restoration of degraded wetlands intended to improve juvenile rearing opportunities is presently being implemented or planned in many regions of the LCRE, yet questions remain concerning the benefits of these actions to specific stocks and life history types of salmon.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Questions remain concerning which specific stocks of concern will benefit from estuary restoration efforts.

May combine two claims.

Together, abundance, size, and stock data support the premise that many small juvenile Chinook salmon reside and accumulate in shallow, tidal freshwater sites, with larger fish moving down into the estuary.

“Together, abundance, size, and stock data support the premise that many small juvenile Chinook salmon reside and accumulate in shallow, tidal freshwater sites, with larger fish moving down into the estuary.”

May combine two claims.

Our study confirmed that subyearling Chinook salmon were prevalent in shallow-water habitats of the LCRE and identified the life history types and genetic stocks expected to be among the primary beneficiaries of restoration activities along the lower-river migration route.

“Our study confirmed that subyearling Chinook salmon were prevalent in shallow-water habitats of the LCRE and identified the life history types and genetic stocks expected to be among the primary beneficiaries of restoration activities along the lower-river migration route.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Based on the above examples, one might expect that a fry migrant life history type continues to contribute to Chinook salmon spawner success in the Columbia River basin, especially to the lower-river populations.

“Based on the above examples, one might expect that a fry migrant life history type continues to contribute to Chinook salmon spawner success in the Columbia River basin, especially to the lower-river populations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Data for the plots were restricted to assignments made with at least a probability of 0.90 relative to other groups.

“Data for the plots were restricted to assignments made with at least a probability of 0.90 relative to other groups.”

May combine two claims.

For the summer-fall period, the sources of these fish included cold rivers such as those draining Mt. St. Helens in Washington, where salmon would have later hatch times and reduced growth rates, and this could explain their small size late in the season.

“For the latter period, the sources of these fish included cold rivers such as those draining Mt.St. Helens in Washington, where salmon would have later hatch times and reduced growth rates (Reimers and Loeffel 1967;Brannon et al. 2004), and this could explain their small size late in the season.”

• cites Reimers and Loeffel 1967Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Brannon et al. 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Up to 30% of the Chinook salmon measured in these shallow areas were fry, which the authors presume were mostly of natural origin and which have an affinity for shallow, low-velocity environments.

“Perhaps most significantly, up to 30% of the Chinook salmon measured in these shallow areas were fry, which we presume were mostly of natural origin and which have an affinity for shallow, low-velocity environments (Healey 1980(Healey , 1991)).”

• cites Healey 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Healey 1991Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Coded wire tag information supported the findings from the genetic stock analysis and proved that there is wide variation in migration timing, rate, and duration within and among hatchery releases.

“Coded wire tag information supported the findings from the genetic stock analysis and proved that there is wide variation in migration timing, rate, and duration within and among hatchery releases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Genetic stock assignments for hatchery Chinook salmon were restricted to those with relative probabilities greater than 0.90.

“Genetic stock assignments with relative probabilities >0.90 are shown.”

May combine two claims.

The remaining 70% of Chinook salmon were fingerlings and yearlings and probably predominantly of hatchery origin.

“Based on size at capture and adipose fin clips, 30% of the Chinook salmon were fry and likely of natural origin, while the remaining 70% were fingerlings and yearlings and probably predominantly of hatchery origin.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Marks or tags, especially adipose fin clips, indicate probable hatchery origin.

May combine two claims.

Power analyses conducted on the baseline data indicated that excluding individuals with lower probability assignments, approximately 25% of samples, improves overall assignment accuracy and results in only small changes in the stock composition estimates.

“Power analyses conducted on the baseline data indicated that excluding individuals with lower probability assignments (approximately 25% of our samples) improves overall assignment accuracy and results in only small changes in the stock composition estimates.”

May combine two claims.

While most Rogue River fish were sampled in summer and at sites along the Oregon shoreline and many were marked, others captured in spring prior to the summer releases suggest some contribution from natural production sources.

“While most Rogue River fish were sampled in summer and at sites along the Oregon shoreline and many were marked (indicating that they originated in the enhancement program), others captured in spring prior to the summer releases suggest some contribution from natural production sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A much larger marking effort was employed for subyearling Chinook salmon after 2006.

“A much larger marking effort was employed for subyearling fish after 2006.”

May combine two claims.

The lower Columbia River and estuary serve as both a migration corridor to the ocean and, for particular stocks, an important habitat for juvenile rearing.

“The lower Columbia River and estuary serve as both a migration corridor to the ocean and, for particular stocks, an important habitat for juvenile rearing.”

May combine two claims.

Based on size at capture, genetics, marks, and coded wire tags, the majority of these fish were hatchery reared, subyearling, fall-run salmon derived from lower-river sources.

“Based on size at capture, genetics, marks, and coded wire tags, the majority of these fish were hatchery reared, subyearling, fall-run salmon derived from lower-river sources.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Marks or tags, especially adipose fin clips, indicate probable hatchery origin.

May combine two claims.

Contemporary abundance patterns appear to have shifted to an earlier peak migration in the tidal freshwater zone, while there is a suggestion of a later migration peak in the lower estuary zone at present.

“This comparison indicated that contemporary abundance patterns appear to have shifted to an earlier peak migration in the tidal freshwater zone, while there is a suggestion of a later migration peak in the lower estuary zone at present (Figure 3).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 95% confidence intervals for genetic stock composition estimates were derived from 100 bootstrap resamplings of the baseline and mixed-stock genotypes.

“The range below each estimate is the 95% confidence interval derived from 100 bootstrap resamplings of the baseline and mixed-stock genotypes.”

May combine two claims.

Rogue River fish are known to have become naturalized in the Grays River and have perhaps naturalized elsewhere in the Columbia River basin.

“Rogue River fish are known to have become naturalized in the Grays River, a tributary that enters along the Washington shore of the upper estuary (Roegner et al. 2010) and have perhaps naturalized elsewhere in the Columbia River basin.”

• cites Roegner et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These seasonal shifts in the proportions of West Cascade tributary fall and Spring Creek group fry were similar to those observed for fingerlings, suggesting that the pattern is not simply a result of hatchery operations but rather reflects natural differences between the stocks in migration and habitat use.

“These seasonal shifts in the proportions of West Cascade tributary fall and Spring Creek group fry were similar to those observed for fingerlings, suggesting that the pattern is not simply a result of hatchery operations but rather reflects natural differences between the stocks in migration and habitat use.”

May combine two claims.

Judging by the high proportion of adipose-fin-clipped fish found in our study, most yearling fish originated in hatcheries, and the observed abundance patterns were likely due to hatchery releases and smolt transportation practices.

“Judging by the high proportion of adipose-fin-clipped fish found in our study (Table 2), most yearling fish originated in hatcheries, and the observed abundance patterns were likely due to hatchery releases and smolt transportation practices (Ledgerwood et al. 2005).”

• cites Ledgerwood et al. 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Marks or tags, especially adipose fin clips, indicate probable hatchery origin.

May combine two claims.

While the majority of yearling Chinook salmon move quickly through deep areas of the river inaccessible to beach seines, a proportion of yearlings have a more protracted migration accessing shallow, nearshore habitats and do not travel immediately to the sea.

“Thus, we concluded that while the majority of yearling Chinook salmon move quickly through deep areas of the river inaccessible to beach seines, a proportion of yearlings have a more protracted migration accessing shallow, nearshore habitats and do not travel immediately to the sea.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These fry are likely naturally spawned salmon.

“These are likely naturally spawned salmon.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This may be a consequence of the higher fry densities found at the semiprotected site at upper Clifton Channel than at the more open area at Jones Beach sampled by Dawley et al. (1985).

“This may be a consequence of the higher fry densities found at the semiprotected site at upper Clifton Channel than at the more open area at Jones Beach sampled by Dawley et al. (1985).”

• cites Dawley et al. (1985)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Based on size at capture and adipose fin clips, 30% of the Chinook salmon were fry and likely of natural origin.

“Based on size at capture and adipose fin clips, 30% of the Chinook salmon were fry and likely of natural origin, while the remaining 70% were fingerlings and yearlings and probably predominantly of hatchery origin.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Marks or tags, especially adipose fin clips, indicate probable hatchery origin.

May combine two claims.

These catches agreed with the genetic data and demonstrated that juveniles from coastal fall stocks can migrate into the Columbia River.

“These catches again agreed with the genetic data and demonstrated that juveniles from coastal fall stocks can migrate into the Columbia River.”