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Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces
Open accessAbstract
Awareness of individualand group activities is critical to successful collaboration and is commonly supported in CSCW systems by active, information generation mechanisms separate from the shared workspace.These mechanisms pena~ise information providers, presuppose relevance to the recipient, and make access difficult, We discuss a study of shared editor use which suggests that awareness information provided and exploited passively through the shared workspace, allows users to move smoothly between close and loose collaboration, and to assign and coordinate work dynamically.Passive awareness mechanisms promise effective support for collaboration requiring this sort of behaviour, whilst avoiding problems with active approaches.
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“Moreover, awareness is a mandatory requirement for coordinating group activities, independent of the domain [62].”
From Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: a literature review (2020) · cites this paper as [62]
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“This labour is a specific type of awareness and coordination work, as defined in the computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) field [25, 34], that is required to maintain a shared understanding in the face of representational breakdowns.”
From Accessibility-Driven Information Transformations in Mixed-Visual Ability Work Teams (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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BackgroundAwareness support in a groupware widget toolkit
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Dourish, P., & Redmiles, D. (2002) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/844102.844116 · Cited by 60
Self-citationA situation model to support awareness in collaborative design
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“Another definition of awareness is given by Dourish and Bellotti (1992) who consider this concept as ‘‘an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity.”
BackgroundDesigning reality-based interfaces for creative group work
Geyer, F., Pfeil, U., Höchtl, A., Budzinski, J., & Reiterer, H. (2011) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/2069618.2069647 · Cited by 59
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“Among those findings, Dourish and Bellotti [10] highlighted the value of collaboration awareness, that co-authors need to know who is doing what, when, and where.”
BackgroundTerritorial coordination and workspace awareness in remote tabletop collaboration
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“Communication technology can facilitate both planned and unplanned interactions to promote collaboration and awareness of other’s research [1,12,60, 63,64].”
BackgroundShared Interaction on a Wall-Sized Display in a Data Manipulation Task
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“Previous studies of group work on large displays have consisted mostly of observational studies identifying various collaborative strategies, from loosely to tightly coupled work, when performing a task such as drawing [26], writing [4], route finding [25], visual analytics [10], problem solving [11] or sense-making […”
BackgroundAn Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Code Smells and Merge Conflicts
Ahmed, I., Brindescu, C., Mannan, U. A., Jensen, C., & Sarma, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the ... ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement/International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement · doi:10.1109/esem.2017.12 · Cited by 57
“Awareness is frequently defined as an understanding of the activities of others to give a context for one’s activities [24], which is a very important issue in Global Software Engineering (GSE) [57].”
BackgroundWhy Users Do Not Want to Write Together When They Are Writing Together
Wang, D., Tan, H., & Lu, T. (2017) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3134742 · Cited by 57
“Certainly, research has been focusing on people’s various practices in collaborative writing for decades (e.g., [3]; [14]; [30]; [32]; [33]; [34]; [37]; [38]; [39]; [41]; [42]; [24]; [47]).”
BackgroundExploring mutual engagement in creative collaborations
Bryan–Kinns, N., Healey, P. G. T., & Leach, J. (2007) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/1254960.1254991 · Cited by 57
“Mutual modifiability implies an egalitarian approach to role assignment within the tool rather than explicitly enforcing role mechanisms – in such an approach participants co-ordinate their activity in a subtle and dynamic manner [8].”
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Serim, B., & Jacucci, G. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300647 · Cited by 55
“Adding to the confusion are other distinctions such as foreground–background [15], overt– covert, command–non-command [64] and active–passive [25] that have overlapping meanings and at times used interchangeably with explicit–implicit.”
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LaMarca, A., Edwards, W. K., Dourish, P., Lamping, J., Smith, I., & Thornton, J. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4441-4_1 · Cited by 55
Self-citationAwareness - The Common Link Between Groupware and Community Support Systems
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“…relative merits of turn management strategies have been the subject of some debate and there is a view that the application of explicit turn management protocols of any kind is contrary to the goal of achieving truly effective co-ordination in CSCW (Dourish and Bellotti, 1992; Hughes et al., 1993).”
BackgroundDesigning for loose coupling in mobile groups
Pinelle, D., & Gutwin, C. A. (2003) · International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP) · doi:10.1145/958160.958173 · Cited by 54
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BackgroundSupporting creativity with awareness in distributed collaboration
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Schnaubert, L., & Bodemer, D. (2022) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-022-09361-1 · Cited by 59
“…& Yilmaz, 2020) or “knowledge and perception” (e.g., Buder & Bodemer, 2008; Erkens & Bodemer, 2019), “understanding” (e.g., Ma et al., 2020, following Dourish & Bellotti, 1992), “information” (e.g., Kirsch Pinheiro & Sou-veyet, 2018; Ma et al., 2020) or “information that allows to understand”…”
Supporting distributed software development by modes of collaboration
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Cabitza, F., & Simone, C. (2013) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-013-9187-5 · Cited by 50
“The second stream of research is rooted in the paper by Dourish and Bellotti (1992) where the concept of awareness was proposed in CSCW for the first time as " an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity " (emphasis is original).”
BackgroundInfluentialCollaborative virtual learning environments: design and evaluation
Konstantinidis, A., Τσιάτσος, Θ., & Pomportsis, A. S. (2009) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-009-0289-5 · Cited by 51
“However, the problem with role restrictive CSCL systems, is that although explicit roles may allow for easier social organisation of collaborative activity in conventional interactions and collaborations, one often observes roles being negotiated and reassigned dynamically [13].”
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“to manage their dependencies more effectively, members use cognitive mechanisms [17, 18, 34] such as shared knowledge [1, 8, 47], team members’ common ground for a given project (what participants know they share about the project), and team awareness [16] of who is available and who previously has done what, where, a…”
BackgroundA review of telecollaboration technologies with respect to closely coupled collaboration
Wolff, R., Roberts, D. J., Steed, A. J., & Otto, O. (2007) · International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology · doi:10.1504/ijcat.2007.014056 · Cited by 51
“In CSCW, it has long been recognised that an awareness of the action of other participants is a fundamental feature in supporting cooperative work (38; 59; 104; 125).”
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A framework for awareness support in groupware systems
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“As mentioned above, awareness tools provide comparatively rich information on individuals engaging in activities by altering the actions of others (Dourish and Bellotti 1992; Schmidt 2002).”
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“The concept of awareness means many things to many people, with one paper describing nineteen different types of awareness information [ 2 , 3, 4, 10].”
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“Peripheral Awareness Dourish and Bellotti [7] discussed shared feedback that passively distributes information about individual activities to others in a shared workspace.”
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“In the extreme, the observations suggest that it is reasonable to revisit the last decade’s research on media spaces [3,7], which provide lightweight communication and awareness information through the use of open, multi-party channels.”
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BackgroundEffects of awareness on coordination in collaborative information seeking
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“It also confirms the findings of Dourish and Bellotti (1992) that passive (implicit) awareness allows users to effectively coordinate their work.”
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“In an asynchronous environment, this can be done by increasing people’s awareness of the activities of the other group members (Dourish and Bellotti 1992).”
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“Awareness “is an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activities” [Dourish and Bellotti 1992: 107] and helps people to align their interdependent activities [Schmidt 2002].”
BackgroundTechnologies, Methods, and Values
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“The implications of the growing device ecology are likely to have a far reach, and impact foundational CSCW research in areas such as awareness and communication [8] and the adoption of new tools [13, 25].”
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“This is in line with the notion of ‘awareness’ (Dourish and Bellotti, 1992) that promotes ‘an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity’ (Dumas and colleagues, 2010; Dourish and Bellotti, 1992; Halimi et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultBuilding social discourse around mobile photos
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“Team feedback can enhance awareness of others’ activities in virtual teams (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992), increasing the visibility and transparency of the work process.”
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“[11, 16]) focused on development of features for sharing information about the state of a workspace and the interactions of others therein.”
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BackgroundInfluentialJackal: a Java-based Tool for Agent Development
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BackgroundMethodPETRA: participatory evaluation through redesign and analysis
Ross, S., Ramage, M., & Rogers, Y. (1995) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1016/0953-5438(96)87697-1 · Cited by 46
“The provision of such `awareness' information becomes crucial: giving \an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity" (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992, p.107).”
BackgroundSupporting Knowledge Awareness for a Ubiquitous CSCL
Ogata, H., & Yano, Y. (2003) · E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education · Cited by 46
Working apart together: foundations for component groupware
ter Hofte, G. H. (1998) · doi:10.3990/1.9789075176148 · Cited by 45
Liu, M. X., Wu, T., Chen, T., Li, F. M., Kittur, A., & Myers, B. A. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642149 · Cited by 83
“However, these methods are dependent on the significant investment of time and effort from previous users and are contingent upon their availability, and may still result in summaries that are limited in scope [32, 68, 81, 111] or with a biased perspective [37, 49].”
BackgroundFlexibility Relative to What? Change to Research Infrastructure
Ribes, D., & Polk, J. B. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00360 · Cited by 45
“The housework of a stay at home mother, a classification system for books, and the taking of blood pressure by a nurse all became inspectable as infrastructure; that is, as a relation of support, and of resource and service provision.”
BackgroundClayphan, A. J., Collins, A., Ackad, C. J., Kummerfeld, B., & Kay, J. (2011) · ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (ITS) · doi:10.1145/2076354.2076386 · Cited by 45
“However, performing brainstorming at a computer can reduce face-to-face interaction, which has been highlighted as particularly important for team building and problem solving [5].”
BackgroundEvaluating Multi-User Selection for Exploring Graph Topology on Wall-Displays
Prouzeau, A., Bezerianos, A., & Chapuis, O. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2016.2592906 · Cited by 45
“In collaborative graph exploration, lack of workspace awareness [14], [19] can decrease accuracy, compared to individual work.”
BackgroundTulin, M., Pollet, T. V., & Lehmann‐Willenbrock, N. (2018) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.04.004 · Cited by 52
Navigating the Healthcare Service "Black Box"
Gui, X., Chen, Y., & Pine, K. H. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274330 · Cited by 45
“…on coordination within the organizations or across the organizations, examining how organizational insiders use information technology to communicate and coordinate in physically co-located, virtually co-located, and distant groups and increasingly across organizations (e.g., [9,19,20,26,33]).”
BackgroundAWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Jati, H. F., Darsono, S. N. A. C., Hermawan, D. T., Yudhi, W. S. A., & Rahman, F. F. (2019) · Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan · doi:10.18196/jesp.20.2.5022 · Cited by 45
“We have mentioned awareness with its position as the level of understanding and consciousness (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992; Gafoor, 2012).”
BackgroundAn empirical study on the effect of group awareness in CSCL environments
Ma, X., Liu, J., Liang, J., & Fan, C. (2020) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1758730 · Cited by 45
“De fi ned as the “ understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity ” by Dourish and Bellotti (1992), Group Awareness (GA) refers to the information about group provided to members (Gross et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDesigning for transformations in collaboration
Bardram, J. E., Bossen, C., & Thomsen, A. (2005) · International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP) · doi:10.1145/1099203.1099254 · Cited by 45
“Social awareness [36, 11] also plays an important role in supporting this kind of loosely coupled cooperation in homebased monitoring and treatment.”
BackgroundTraces: Visualizing the Immediate Past to Support Group Interaction
Gutwin, C. A. (2002) · doi:10.20380/gi2002.06 · Cited by 45
Liechti, O. (2000) · ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin · doi:10.1145/605647.605648 · Cited by 45
“Dourish and Bellotti [ 13 ] proposed one of the first definitions for awareness in CSCW settings: "Awareness is an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity".”
BackgroundCoDa: Collaborative Data Interpretation Through an Interactive Tangible Scatterplot
Veldhuis, A., Liang, R.-H., & Bekker, T. (2020) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction · doi:10.1145/3374920.3374934 · Cited by 32
“The coordination in these situations could be better supported by giving situated, real-time audio-visual feedback [9].”
BackgroundA Survey of Needs and Features for Augmented Reality Collaborations in Collocated Spaces
Radu, I. W., Joy, T., Bowman, Y., Bott, I., & Schneider, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3449243 · Cited by 44
“Awareness enables more complex activities such as coordination [20].”
BackgroundGifts from friends and strangers: A study of mobile music sharing
Håkansson, M., Rost, M., & Holmquist, L. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84800-031-5_17 · Cited by 44
“Dourish and Bellotti (1992) defined awareness as “an understanding of the activities of others, which provides a context for your own activity”.”
Representing Context for an Adaptative Awareness Mechanism
Kirsch-Pinheiro, M., Gensel, J., & Martin, H. (2004) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30112-7_28 · Cited by 44
Interaction design patterns for computers in sociable use
Arvola, M. (2006) · International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology · doi:10.1504/ijcat.2006.009063 · Cited by 44
“Similar practices have also been identified in control rooms and also in design studios (Arvola, 2005; Garbis, 2002; Artman & Waern, 1999; Heath & Luff, 1992; Dourish & Bellotti, 1992).”
ResultUsing a game environment to foster collaborative learning: a design‐based study
Hämäläinen, R. (2011) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2011.554010 · Cited by 54
“Within this process, group members were dependent of each other, learners’ activities were connected to the whole process, and each resource was meaningful for the group in regard to finishing the task at hand (Dourish & Bellotti, 1992 ; Haake & Wilson, 1992 ) (ie, in this game, it was not possible to proceed without…”
BackgroundKey issues in the design of an asynchronous system to support meeting preparation
Borges, M. R. S., Pino, J. A., Fuller, D., & Salgado, A. C. (1999) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/s0167-9236(99)00051-2 · Cited by 44
Design issues and model for a distributed multi-user editor
Koch, M. R. (1995) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/bf00750746 · Cited by 45
Territorial Functioning in Collaborative Writing: Fragmented Exchanges and Common Outcomes
Larsen-Ledet, I., & Korsgaard, H. (2019) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-019-09359-8 · Cited by 43
“Dourish and Bellotti (1992) present the collaborative text editor ShrEdit which has capabilities for private windows.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dourish, P., & Bellotti, V.
- Affiliations
- Xerox (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '92
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 1992
- Pages
- 107-114
- OpenAlex
- W2032843080
- Cited by
- 2,550
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 95 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 125
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (8902930)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Keywords
- coworking spaces, awareness, groupware, information generation
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