Cited by 2,040Innovative Human-Technology InteractionUsability and User Interface DesignInteractive and Immersive Displays

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Affordance, conventions, and design

Norman, Donald A.·1999·Interactions

DOI 10.1145/301153.301168

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Abstract

I was quietly lurking in the background of a CHI-Web discussion, when I lost all reason: I just couldn’t take it anymore. “I put an affordance there, ” a participant would say, “I wonder if the object affords clicking … “ Affordances this, affordances that. And no data, just opinion. Yikes! What had I unleashed upon the world? “No! ” I screamed, and out came this article. I don’t know if it changed anyone’s minds, but it brought the CHI-Web discussion to a halt (not what good list managers want to happen). But then, Steven Pemberton asked me to submit it here. Hope it doesn’t stop the discussion again. Mind you, this is not the exact piece I dashed off to CHI-Web: it has been polished and refined: the requirements of print are more demanding than those of e-mail discussions.

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Crossref · 10.1145/301153.301168

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

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Authors: Norman, D. A.
Affiliations: Nielsen Norman Group
Corresponding author: Norman, Donald A.
ORCID: Norman, Donald A.
Venue: Interactions
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Published: 1999-05
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 38-43
ISSN: 1072-5520 (ISSN-L)
1558-3449
DOI: 10.1145/301153.301168
OpenAlex: W2091909921
Cited by: 2,040
References: 6
Citations by year: 2026: 122 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 63
FWCI: 20.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations: interactions (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Interactive and Immersive Displays
Keywords: affordances, design conventions, user interface design, usability, human-computer interaction

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Affordance, conventions, and design

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