The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Affordance, conventions, and design
Abstract
I was quietly lurking in the background of a CHI-Web discussion, when I lost all reason: I just couldn’t take it anymore. “I put an affordance there, ” a participant would say, “I wonder if the object affords clicking … “ Affordances this, affordances that. And no data, just opinion. Yikes! What had I unleashed upon the world? “No! ” I screamed, and out came this article. I don’t know if it changed anyone’s minds, but it brought the CHI-Web discussion to a halt (not what good list managers want to happen). But then, Steven Pemberton asked me to submit it here. Hope it doesn’t stop the discussion again. Mind you, this is not the exact piece I dashed off to CHI-Web: it has been polished and refined: the requirements of print are more demanding than those of e-mail discussions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Media affordance theory suggests that technologies offer specific capabilities that influence their use (Gibson, 1986; Norman, 1999).”
From Motivations and Affordances of ChatGPT Usage for College Students’ Learning (2025) · cites this paper as Norman, 1999
In the citing paper
“This is not to suggest that technologies are value neutral, but that the affordances that they possess [59,100] can play out differently in different environments.”
From From computer ethics and the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital ecosystems (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
Citations
Cites
The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
Bornstein, M. H., & Gibson, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism · doi:10.2307/429816 · Cited by 22,935
(1993) · Cited by 9,879
The Psychology of Everyday Things
Massaro, D. W., & Norman, D. A. (1990) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423268 · Cited by 3,484
Self-citationThe Usability Engineering Lifecycle
NIELSEN, J. (1993) · Usability Engineering · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-052029-2.50007-3 · Cited by 2,657
Nielsen, J. (1995) · Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '95 · doi:10.1145/223355.223730 · Cited by 2,620
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Gibson J. J., 1979, Houghton Mifflin
- Norman D. a., 1988, Basic Books
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,001
Political Theory of the Digital Constellation
Berg, S., Staemmler, D., & Thiel, T. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s41358-022-00324-4 · Cited by 19
Hayashi, K., Mochizuki, T., & Yamauchi, Y. (2022) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-022-09436-8 · Cited by 17
Zhang, S. (2022) · Journal of Transcultural Communication · doi:10.1515/jtc-2022-0014 · Cited by 19
Molina, M. D., Zhan, E. S., Agnihotri, D., Abdullah, S., & Deka, P. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581200 · Cited by 18
Affordances and Information Systems Research: Taking Stock and Moving Forward
Mesgari, M., Mohajeri, K., & Azad, B. (2023) · ACM SIGMIS Database the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/3595863.3595867 · Cited by 22
Icon Design Principles for Preschoolers: Implications Derived from Child Development
Chiu, S., Koong, C., & Fan, S.-H. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.027 · Cited by 20
Design and Development of a Sensorized Wireless Toy for Measuring Infants' Manual Actions
Serio, S. M., Cecchi, F., Assaf, T., Laschi, C., & Dario, P. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2013.2255066 · Cited by 17
Interaction Unit Analysis: A New Interaction Design Framework
Ryu, H. B., & Monk, A. F. (2009) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370020903038086 · Cited by 17
Kullenberg, C., Rohden, F., Björkvall, A., Brounéus, F., Avellan-Hultman, A., Järlehed, J., Meerbergen, S. V., Nord, A., Nielsen, H. L., Rosendal, T., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202077 · Cited by 17
Creating High-performing Innovation Teams
Johnsson, M. (2018) · Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.24840/2183-0606_005.004_0004 · Cited by 19
Where Inequality Takes Place: A Programmatic Argument for Urban Sociology
Benediktsson, M. O. (2018) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12302 · Cited by 17
How do consumers categorize new hybrid products?
Amri, D. E. (2019) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21189 · Cited by 17
Adults' and Children's Mental Models for Gestural Interactions with Interactive Spherical Displays
Soni, N., Gleaves, S., Neff, H., Morrison-Smith, S., Esmaeili, S., Mayne, I., Bapat, S., Schuman, C. E., Stofer, K. A., & Anthony, L. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376468 · Cited by 17
Choi, E., Kim, C. G., & Lee, K. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557292 · Cited by 17
Addo, G. (2021) · Approaching Religion · doi:10.30664/ar.107728 · Cited by 19
XAI for learning: Narrowing down the digital divide between “new” and “old” experts
Simkute, A., Surana, A., Luger, E. A., Evans, M., & Jones, R. (2022) · Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3547522.3547678 · Cited by 19
Paradigme(s) émergent(s) autour des apprentissages collectifs médiatisés en langues
Zourou, K. (2007) · Alsic · doi:10.4000/alsic.688 · Cited by 17
Wiethoff, A., Schneider, H., Küfner, J., Rohs, M., Butz, A. M., & Greenberg, S. (2013) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/2466627.2466635 · Cited by 17
Building the tower without climbing it: Progress in engineering systems
Broniatowski, D. A. (2018) · Systems Engineering · doi:10.1002/sys.21426 · Cited by 17
Investigating the relationship between usability and conceptual gaps for human-centric CASE tools
Seffah, A., & Rilling, J. (2002) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/hcc.2001.995263 · Cited by 17
Examining working memory load and congruency effects on affordances and conventions
Still, J. D., & Dark, V. J. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.03.003 · Cited by 17
Representation of interwoven surfaces in 2 1/2 D drawing
Wiley, K., & Williams, L. R. (2006) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1124772.1124783 · Cited by 17
Allison, C. K., & Stanton, N. A. (2020) · Automotive Innovation · doi:10.1007/s42154-020-00090-5 · Cited by 16
Babri, M., Corvellec, H., & Stål, H. I. (2021) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2021.1986506 · Cited by 17
Systematic and axiological capacities in artificial intelligence applied in the public sector
Ruvalcaba-Gómez, E. A. (2023) · Public Policy and Administration · doi:10.1177/09520767231170321 · Cited by 16
The form-affordance-function (FAF) triangle of design
Sareh, P., & Loudon, G. H. (2024) · International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) · doi:10.1007/s12008-023-01648-3 · Cited by 18
Beyond the Sidewalk: Pedestrian Risk and Material Mismatch in the American Suburbs
Benediktsson, M. O. (2015) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2015.1019748 · Cited by 16
Investigating the Effects of Legacy Bias
Beşevli, C., Buruk, O., Erkaya, M., & Özcan, O. (2018) · ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS Companion) · doi:10.1145/3197391.3205449 · Cited by 16
Rossini, P., Stromer‐Galley, J., Kenski, K. M., Hemsley, J., Zhang, F., & Dobreski, B. (2018) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2018.1485606 · Cited by 16
Lofthus, L., & Silseth, K. (2019) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.1177/2042753019835882 · Cited by 16
Unfold studio: supporting critical literacies of text and code
Proctor, C. P., & Blikstein, P. (2019) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-05-2018-0039 · Cited by 16
La présence à distance en e-Formation : Entretien avec Annie Jézégou
Proust-Androwkha, S. (2020) · Médiations et médiatisations · doi:10.52358/mm.vi3.116 · Cited by 16
(Dis)connected: The Role of Social Networking Sites in the High School Setting
Dennen, V. P., Rutledge, S. A., & Bagdy, L. M. (2020) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/711016 · Cited by 16
Vrzáková, H., Amon, M. J., Rees, M. R., Faber, M., & D’Mello, S. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3434169 · Cited by 16
The oppositional affordances of data activism
Milioni, D. L., & Papa, V. (2022) · Media International Australia · doi:10.1177/1329878x221074795 · Cited by 19
Lee, S., Chang, Y., Lee, O.-K. D., Ryu, S., & Yin, Q. (2024) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-12-2023-0951 · Cited by 16
MUSLIMS ON THE PATH OF THESALAF AL-SALIH
Becker, C. (2011) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2011.597414 · Cited by 16
Humanly space objects—Perception and connection with the observer
Balint, T. S., & Hall, A. (2015) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.01.010 · Cited by 16
Killeen, P. R., & Jacobs, K. W. (2017) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/s40614-017-0101-1 · Cited by 16
Affordance-based problem structuring for workplace innovation
DURUGBO, C. M. (2020) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2019.12.044 · Cited by 16
Cecchi, F., Serio, S. M., Maestro, M. D., Laschi, C., Sgandurra, G., Cioni, G., & Dario, P. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5627886 · Cited by 16
Art and Perception: Using Empirical Aesthetics in Research on Consciousness
Ulrich Ansorge, A., Pelowski, M. J., Quigley, C., Peschl, M. F., & Leder, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895985 · Cited by 15
Principles of Designing Water Elements in Urban Public Spaces
Langie, K., Rybak-Niedziółka, K., & Hubačíková, V. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116877 · Cited by 15
Wong, G. K. W., Reichert, F., & Law, N. W. Y. (2023) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10278-1 · Cited by 20
Vegt, N., Visch, V., Spooren, W., van Rossum, E. F. C., Evers, A. W. M., & van Boeijen, A. G. C. (2024) · Design for Health · doi:10.1080/24735132.2024.2306771 · Cited by 16
Game Design in an Internet of Things
Coulton, P., Burnett, D., Gradinar, A., Gullick, D., & Murphy, E. (2014) · Transactions of the Digital Games Research Association · doi:10.26503/todigra.v1i3.19 · Cited by 15
Reflecting, Tinkering, and Tailoring: Implications for Theories of Information System Design
Hovorka, D. S., & Germonprez, M. (2010) · Computer supported cooperative work · doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-347-3_8 · Cited by 15
Exploring the affordance and acceptance of an e‐reader device as a collaborative learning system
Seet, B., & Goh, T. (2012) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/02640471211252229 · Cited by 15
Cultivating Interaction Ubiquity at Work
S⊘rensen, C. (2010) · The Information Society · doi:10.1080/01972243.2010.489856 · Cited by 15
Designing convivial digital cities: a social intelligence design approach
Caire, P. (2009) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-009-0201-x · Cited by 15
München, T. U., Köbler, F., Goswami, S., München, T. U., Koene, P., München, T. U., Leimeister, J. M., Kassel, U., Krcmar, H., & München, T. U. (2011) · AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.17705/1thci.00034 · Cited by 15
Lee, K.-R., Goh, G., & Park, Y. (2017) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3025453.3025670 · Cited by 15
Baber, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00292 · Cited by 15
Thornton, L., Knowles, B., & Blair, G. S. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445871 · Cited by 22
Teacher observations of programming affordances for K-12 mathematics and technology
Humble, N. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10811-w · Cited by 15
Zillien, N. (2019) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05604-7_31 · Cited by 19
Zhou, B., Miao, R., Jiang, D., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102997 · Cited by 16
Exploring cultural heritage repositories with creative intelligence. The Labyrinth 3D system
Damiano, R., Lombardo, V., Lieto, A., & Borra, D. (2016) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2016.05.002 · Cited by 15
Embodiment, Modalities, and Mathematical Affordances
Edwards, L. D., & Robutti, O. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/book-978-1-62396-555-620251002 · Cited by 15
The Concept of Affordances in Digital Media
Hopkins, J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08460-8_67-1 · Cited by 21
Policy-based coordination in joint human-agent activity
Bradshaw, J. M., Feltovich, P. J., Jung, H., Kulkami, S., Allen, J. F., Bunch, L., Chambers, N., Galescu, L., Jeffers, R., Johnson, M., et al. (2005) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1400007 · Cited by 15
Wurm, S. (2010) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 15
Shin, I., Riforgiate, S. E., Godager, E. A., & Coker, M. C. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17072830 · Cited by 14
Konijn, E. A., Preciado, D. F., & van Minkelen, P. (2025) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtaf007 · Cited by 19
Zang, D.-X., & Li, M. (2025) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs15101389 · Cited by 10
Lee, Y.-G., Park, C.-H., & Im, D.-H. (2014) · Journal of Korea Multimedia Society · doi:10.9717/kmms.2014.17.11.1335 · Cited by 14
E-Portfolios as Digital Assessment Tools in Higher Education
Yang, M., Wang, T., & Lim, C. P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17727-4_83-1 · Cited by 14
Psychological Factors Behind Innovation Adoption: Affordance Actualisation Model
Liang, S.-Z., Hsu, M., & Chen, W. (2022) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2022.2148141 · Cited by 15
Traffic transfer between social media and E-commerce platform: the role of social media affordances
Shao, J., Li, P., & Min, Z. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2353275 · Cited by 14
Exploring Teachers' Perceptions of Wikis for Learning Classroom Cases
Quek, C. L., & Wang, Q. (2014) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2014v39n2.2 · Cited by 14
Mobile Devices in Technical and Engineering Education with Focus on ESP
Šimonová, I. (2016) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v10i2.5466 · Cited by 14
Schafer, S. B., & Yu, G. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-567-4.ch019 · Cited by 14
Base-10 Blocks: a study of iPad virtual manipulative affordances across primary-grade levels
Litster, K., Moyer‐Packenham, P. S., & Reeder, R. (2019) · Mathematics Education Research Journal · doi:10.1007/s13394-019-00257-2 · Cited by 14
Cano, C. F., & Roudaut, A. (2019) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.07.006 · Cited by 14
The Influence of Gamification and Platform Affordances on User Engagement in Online Learning
Veryaeva, K., & Solovyeva, O. (2021) · International Journal of Distance Education Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijdet.2021010101 · Cited by 14
Narrative-Based Learning Activities for Science Ethics Education: an Affordance Perspective
Mawasi, A., Nagy, P., Finn, E., & Wylie, R. (2021) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-021-09928-x · Cited by 17
Gamification, Tinder Effect, and Tinder Fatigue: Dating as a CMC Experience
Solovyeva, O., & Laskin, A. V. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80071-597-420221012 · Cited by 16
Keywords in Design Thinking: A Lexical Primer for Technical Communicators & Designers
(2022) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/tpc-b.2022.1725 · Cited by 17
Samani, H. A., Cheok, A. D., Tharakan, M. J., Koh, J. T. K. V., & Fernando, O. N. N. (2011) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19385-9_15 · Cited by 14
Dahl, Y., Svanæs, D., & Øystein Nytrø, A. (2006) · doi:10.1109/pcthealth.2006.361673 · Cited by 14
Mantel, B., Hoppenot, P., & Colle, E. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics - Part A Systems and Humans · doi:10.1109/tsmca.2012.2190400 · Cited by 17
Informing security indicator design in web browsers
Shi, P., Xu, H., & Zhang, X. (2011) · iConference · doi:10.1145/1940761.1940839 · Cited by 14
The Affordance Utilization Model: Communication Technology Use as Relationships Develop
Ruppel, E. K. (2015) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2015.1061628 · Cited by 14
Design for sustainable behaviour: a case study of using human-power as an everyday energy source
Shin, H. D., & Bhamra, T. (2016) · J of Design Research · doi:10.1504/jdr.2016.079763 · Cited by 14
Jang, S., Kim, S., Noh, B., & Park, Y. (2019) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3322276.3322333 · Cited by 14
Parmentier, D. D., Acker, B. B. V., Saldien, J., & Detand, J. (2020) · International Journal of Technology and Design Education · doi:10.1007/s10798-020-09575-0 · Cited by 14
Design and development of sensorized toys for monitoring infants' grasping actions
Cecchi, F., Serio, S. M., Maestro, M. D., Laschi, C., & Dario, P. (2010) · IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) · doi:10.1109/biorob.2010.5627725 · Cited by 14
Who are You? Theorising from the Experience of Working through an Avatar
Jones, C. (2005) · E-Learning and Digital Media · doi:10.2304/elea.2005.2.4.414 · Cited by 14
Towards a Framework for Socio-Cognitive Technical Systems
Pablo Noriega, A., Padget, J. A., Verhagen, H., & d’Inverno, M. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25420-3_11 · Cited by 14
Affordances and constraints in the online identity work of LGBTQ+ individuals
Kitzie, V. (2017) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.2017.14505401025 · Cited by 16
Zhang, S., Han, B., & Fan, M. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251350001 · Cited by 14
AI and engineering careers: recent graduates’ outlook on opportunities and challenges
Martin, J. P., Brown, J. S., Dunmoye, I. D., Smith, L. T., Suresh, D. E., & Jensen, P. A. (2025) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-025-00583-x · Cited by 13
Holm, M. (2022) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxac022 · Cited by 13
Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Lin, Y., Chen, M., Guo, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app121910111 · Cited by 13
Raheb, K. E., Kougioumtzian, L., Stergiou, M., Petousi, D., Katifori, A., Servi, K., Kriezi, V., Vraka, V., Merakos, S., Charkiolakis, A., et al. (2022) · Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1145/3528366 · Cited by 13
Lancel, S., Chapurlat, V., Dray, G., & Martin, S. (2022) · Journal of Safety Science and Resilience · doi:10.1016/j.jnlssr.2022.10.006 · Cited by 13
Li, P., Lee, S., Lee, K. Y., Yang, S., & Chang, Y. (2023) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-023-00542-y · Cited by 14
Godé, C., & Brion, S. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123452 · Cited by 13
Mental Model-Based Designs: The Study in Privacy Policy Landscape
Atashpanjeh, H., Paudel, R., & Al-Ameen, M. N. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2392064 · Cited by 13
Gupta, S., Singh, A., & Prashar, S. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2426917 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Norman, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Nielsen Norman Group
- Corresponding author
- Norman, Donald A.
- ORCID
- Norman, Donald A.
- Venue
- Interactions
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 38-43
- ISSN
- 1072-5520 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-3449
- OpenAlex
- W2091909921
- Cited by
- 2,040
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 122 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 182 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 20.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- interactions (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Interactive and Immersive Displays
- Keywords
- affordances, design conventions, user interface design, usability, human-computer interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review