Human–robot similarity and willingness to work with a robotic co-worker
Open accessAbstract
Organizations now face a new challenge of encouraging their employees to work alongside robots. In this paper, we address this problem by investigating the impacts of human-robot similarity, trust in a robot, and the risk of physical danger on individuals' willingness to work with a robot and their willingness to work with a robot over a human co-worker. We report the results from an online experimental study involving 200 participants. Results showed that human-robot similarity promoted trust in a robot, which led to willingness to work with robots and ultimately willingness to work with a robot over a human co-worker. However, the risk of danger moderated not only the positive link between the surface-level similarity and trust in a robot, but also the link between intention to work with the robot and willingness to work with a robot over a human co-worker. We discuss several implications for the theory of human-robot interaction and design of robots.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Study 1, the perceived novelty, perceived usefulness, and co-creation intention scales showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.935, 0.852, and 0.887, respectively).
“the perceived novelty scale (Yang and Xu, 2025; Cronbach’s α = 0.935), the perceived usefulness scale (Davis, 1989; α = 0.852), and the co-creation intention scale (You and Robert Jr, 2018; α = 0.887).”
From From humans to AI: understanding why AI is perceived as the preferred co-creation partner (2025) · cites this paper as You and Robert Jr, 2018
Section 4.5.3 (page unavailable) describes a five-item scale for intention to work with a robot as a team, supporting the citation as a source for a related collaborative-intention measure. It does not call this a co-creation intention scale, and its reported Cronbach’s α is 0.95, not 0.887. The citing sentence appears to give 0.887 as its own Study 1 reliability result rather than as a value reported by You and Robert Jr. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Study 2, the perceived novelty, perceived usefulness, co-creation intention, and task self-efficacy scales showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.907, 0.717, 0.780, and 0.716, respectively).
“the perceived novelty scale (Yang and Xu, 2025; Cronbach’s α = 0.907), the perceived usefulness scale (Davis, 1989; α = 0.717), the co-creation intention scale (You and Robert Jr, 2018; α = 0.780), and the task self-efficacy scale (Tierney and Farmer, 2002; α = 0.716).”
From From humans to AI: understanding why AI is perceived as the preferred co-creation partner (2025) · cites this paper as You and Robert Jr, 2018
Section 4.5.3 describes a five-item scale for intention to work with a robot as a team, which supports the citation as a source for a related cooperative-intention measure. It does not identify that measure as a co-creation intention scale. The section reports Cronbach’s α = 0.95 for its own scale; the citing sentence’s α = 0.780 is not a reliability result reported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926 · Cited by 23,066 · see citing works
Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800313 · Cited by 13,287 · see citing works
Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057 · Cited by 4,008 · see citing works
E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust.
Gefen, D. (2000) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(00)00021-9 · Cited by 3,529 · see citing works
Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197 · Cited by 2,517 · cited 1× · see citing works
“in cognitive processes in general [8, 30].”
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Hancock, P. A., Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y. C., de Visser, E. J., & Parasuraman, R. (2011) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720811417254 · Cited by 2,051 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Human-related factors include disposition to trust, negative attitudes toward robots, and individuals’ personality [22, 29, 42, 44].”
BackgroundInfluentialFoundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems
Jian, J.-Y., Bisantz, A. M., & Drury, C. G. (2000) · International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1207/s15327566ijce0401_04 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
Hauser, D. J., & Schwarz, N. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0578-z · Cited by 1,739 · see citing works
Price, K. H., Harrison, D. A., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069328 · Cited by 1,594 · see citing works
An atlas of physical human–robot interaction
Santis, A. D., Siciliano, B., Luca, A. D., & Bicchi, A. (2007) · Mechanism and Machine Theory · doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.03.003 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Lee, K. M., Peng, W., Jin, S.-A., & Yan, C. (2006) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00318.x · Cited by 647 · see citing works
WHEN AND HOW DIVERSITY BENEFITS TEAMS: THE IMPORTANCE OF TEAM MEMBERS' NEED FOR COGNITION
Kearney, E., Gebert, D., & Voelpel, S. C. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.41331431 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Price, K. H., Harrison, D. A., Gavin, J. H., & Florey, A. T. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/3069328 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Individual Swift Trust and Knowledge-Based Trust in Face-to-Face and Virtual Team Members
Robert, L. P., Denis, A. R., & Hung, Y.-T. C. (2009) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222260210 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationSalem, M., Lakatos, G., Amirabdollahian, F., & Dautenhahn, K. (2015) · Proceedings of the Tenth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/2696454.2696497 · Cited by 494 · see citing works
Tay, B., Jung, Y., & Park, T. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.014 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Measurement of negative attitudes toward robots
Nomura, T., Suzuki, T., Kanda, T., & Kato, K. (2006) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.7.3.14nom · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Overtrust of robots in emergency evacuation scenarios
Robinette, P., Li, W., Allen, R., Howard, A. M., & Wagner, A. R. (2016) · 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2016.7451740 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Gaming with Mr. Slot or Gaming the Slot Machine? Power, Anthropomorphism, and Risk Perception
Kim, S., & McGill, A. L. (2011) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/658148 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Mohammed, S., & Angell, L. C. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.293 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Classifying human-robot interaction: an updated taxonomy
Yanco, H. A., & Drury, J. L. (2005) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2004.1400763 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Mutlu (2008) · doi:10.1145/1349822.1349860 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Social categorization of social robots: Anthropomorphism as a function of robot group membership
Eyssel, F., & Kuchenbrandt, D. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02082.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Group diversity and group identification: The moderating role of diversity beliefs
van Dick, R., van Knippenberg, D., Hägele, S., Guillaume, Y. R. F., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2008) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726708095711 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Eyssel, F., Kuchenbrandt, D., Bobinger, S., de Ruiter, L., & Hegel, F. (2012) · Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/2157689.2157717 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Groom, V., & Nass, C. (2007) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.8.3.10gro · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Surface-Level Diversity and Decision-Making in Groups: When Does Deep-Level Similarity Help?
Phillips, K. W., Northcraft, G. B., & Neale, M. A. (2006) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430206067557 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Olivero, N., & Lunt, P. (2004) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(02)00172-1 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Friedman, B., Kahn, P. H., & Hagman, J. (2003) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/642611.642660 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
When and how do differences matter? An exploration of perceived similarity in teams
Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., Maloney, M. M., Bhappu, A. D., & Salvador, R. O. (2008) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.01.004 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Gaudiello, I., Zibetti, E., Lefort, S., Chétouani, M., & Ivaldi, S. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.057 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
de Visser, E., & Parasuraman, R. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/1555343411410160 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
A dual system model of preferences under risk
Mukherjee, K. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0017884 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Effects of changing reliability on trust of robot systems
Desai, M., Medvedev, M., Vázquez, M., McSheehy, S., Gadea-Omelchenko, S., Bruggeman, C., Steinfeld, A., & Yanco, H. (2012) · Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/2157689.2157702 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Beyond dirty, dangerous and dull
Takayama, L. A., Ju, W. G., & Nass, C. (2008) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/1349822.1349827 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Paris, H., You, S., & Robert, L. (2018) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00496 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationLook Like Me: Matching Robot Personality via Gaze to Increase Motivation
Andrist, S., Mutlu, B., & Tapus, A. (2015) · Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702592 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Impact of robot failures and feedback on real-time trust
Desai, M., Kaniarasu, P., Medvedev, M., Steinfeld, A. M., & Yanco, H. A. (2013) · doi:10.5555/2447556.2447663 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sacco, J. M., Scheu, C. R., Ryan, A. M., & Schmitt, N. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.852 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Qureshi, M. O., & Sajjad, S. R. (2014) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2014.07.003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
When a Robot’s Group Membership Matters
Kuchenbrandt, D., Eyssel, F., Bobinger, S., & Neufeld, M. (2013) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-013-0197-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Influence of a Robot's Social Abilities on Acceptance by Elderly Users
Heerink, M., Krose, B., Evers, V., & Wielinga, B. (2006) · ROMAN 2006 - The 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication · doi:10.1109/roman.2006.314442 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Reactions to physically dangerous work: A conceptual and empirical analysis
Jermier, J. M., Gaines, J., & McIntosh, N. J. (1989) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030100103 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Do Robot Performance and Behavioral Style affect Human Trust?
van den Brule, R., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H. J., & Haselager, P. (2014) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-014-0231-5 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Keep an Eye on the Task! How Gender Typicality of Tasks Influence Human–Robot Interactions
Kuchenbrandt, D., Häring, M., Eichberg, J., Eyssel, F., & André, E. (2014) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-014-0244-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Task Structure and User Attributes as Elements of Human-Robot Interaction Design
Mutlu, B., Osman, S., Forlizzi, J., Hodgins, J. K., & Kiesler, S. B. (2006) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/roman.2006.314397 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Tapus, A., & Matarić, M. J. (2008) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Is this robot like me? Links between human and robot personality traits
Woods, S. N., Dautenhahn, K., Kaouri, C., Boekhorst, R. T., & Koay, K. L. (2006) · IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids) · doi:10.1109/ichr.2005.1573596 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
What you do is who you are: The role of task context in perceived social robot personality
Joosse, M., Lohse, M., Pérez, J. G., & Evers, V. (2013) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2013.6630863 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Scissors, L. E., Gill, A. J., Geraghty, K., & Gergle, D. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518783 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Antecedents of trust in human-robot collaborations
Oleson, K. E., Billings, D. R., Kocsis, V., Chen, J. Y. C., & Hancock, P. A. (2011) · IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support · doi:10.1109/cogsima.2011.5753439 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Effects of changing reliability on trust of robot systems
Desai, Medvedev, Vázquez, McSheehy, Gadea-Omelchenko, Bruggeman, Steinfeld, & Yanco (2012) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Woods, S. N., Dautenhahn, K., Kaouri, C., Boekhorst, R. T., Koay, K. L., & Walters, M. L. (2007) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.8.2.06woo · Cited by 69 · see citing works
How Do People Perceive and Trust a Lifelike Robot
Haring, K. S., Matsumoto, Y., & Watanabe, K. (2013) · World Congress on Engineering · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The similarity-attraction effect in human-robot interaction
Bernier, E. P., & Scassellati, B. M. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning (ICDL) · doi:10.1109/devlrn.2010.5578828 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
On the importance of trust in interpersonal attraction from attitude similarity
Singh, R., Wegener, D. T., Sankaran, K., Singh, S., Lin, P. K. F., Seow, M. X., Teng, J. S. Q., & Shuli, S. (2015) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407515576993 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Deep-Level Similarity and Group Social Capital: Associations With Team Functioning
van Emmerik, I. J. H., & Brenninkmeijer, V. (2009) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496409346550 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nomura, T., Shintani, T., Fujii, K., & Hokabe, K. (2007) · International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It Don’t Matter If You’re Black or White”?
Eyssel, F., & Loughnan, S. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02675-6_42 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Extending the Concept of Control Beliefs: Integrating the Role of Advice Networks
Robert, L., & Sykes, T. A. (2016) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2016.0666 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Teaming up with Robots: An IMOI (Inputs-Mediators-Outputs-Inputs) Framework of Human-Robot Teamwork
You, S., & Robert, L. (2017) · International Journal of Robotic Engineering · doi:10.35840/2631-5106/4103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A multi-level analysis of the impact of shared leadership in diverse virtual teams
Robert, L. (2013) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/2441776.2441818 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Eyssel, F., & Kuchenbrandt, D. (2011) · doi:10.1109/roman.2011.6005233 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Keep an Eye on the Task! How Gender Typicality of Tasks Influence Human–Robot Interactions
Kuchenbrandt, D., Häring, M., Eichberg, J., & Eyssel, F. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34103-8_45 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The functionality of human-machine collaboration systems - mind model and social behavior
Nakajima, H., Yamada, R., Brave, S., Morishima, Y., Nass, C., & Kawaji, S. (2004) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/icsmc.2003.1244240 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Personal Safety is More Important Than Cost of Damage During Robot Failure
Adubor, O., John, R. S., & Steinfeld, A. M. (2017) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3029798.3036649 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Team Potency and Ethnic Diversity in Embodied Physical Action (EPA) Robot- Supported Dyadic Teams
You, S., Ye, T., & Robert, L. (2017) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWhyatt, J. (2014) · Nursing Standard · doi:10.7748/ns2014.04.28.34.66.s50 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Amazon issues challenge in robot war; warehousing firms fight fire with fire
Clark, P., & Bhasin, K. (2017) · Transport topics · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- D. E. Byrne. 1971. The Attraction Paradigm, Vol. 11. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA.
- ROMAN 2006. The 15th IEEE International Symposium on, 74-79.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Machines as teammates: A research agenda on AI in team collaboration
Seeber, I., Bittner, E., Briggs, R. O., de Vreede, T., de Vreede, G.-J., Elkins, A., Maier, R., Merz, A. B., Oeste-Reiß, S., Randrup, N., et al. (2020) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2019.103174 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Paluch, S., Tuzovic, S., Holz, H., Kies, A., & Jörling, M. (2021) · Journal of Service Management · doi:10.1108/josm-11-2020-0406 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ahn, J., Kim, J., & Sung, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2021.1982529 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Ghazali, A. S., Ham, J. R. C., Barakova, E. I., & Markopoulos, P. (2020) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00611-1 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Collaborating with technology-based autonomous agents
Seeber, I., Waizenegger, L., Seidel, S., Morana, S., Benbasat, I., & Lowry, P. (2020) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-12-2019-0503 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Modeling Trust in Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey
Khavas, Z. R., Ahmadzadeh, R., & Robinette, P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62056-1_44 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Riveiro, M., & Thill, S. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2021.103507 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Trust: Recent concepts and evaluations in human-robot interaction
Law, T., & Scheutz, M. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819472-0.00002-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Do You Still Trust Me? Human-Robot Trust Repair Strategies
Esterwood, C., & Robert, L. P. (2021) · 2021 30th IEEE International Conference on Robot & Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515365 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationKopp, T., Baumgartner, M., & Kinkel, S. (2021) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102730 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effective Persuasion Strategies for Socially Assistive Robots
Winkle, K., Lemaignan, S., Caleb-Solly, P., Leonards, U., Turton, A., & Bremner, P. (2019) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2019.8673313 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Can You Trust Your Trust Measure?
Chita-Tegmark, M., Law, T., Rabb, N., & Scheutz, M. J. (2021) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3434073.3444677 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A Unified Bi-Directional Model for Natural and Artificial Trust in Human–Robot Collaboration
Azevedo-Sa, H., Yang, X. J., Robert, L., & Tilbury, D. M. (2021) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2021.3088082 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Explanations and Expectations: Trust Building in Automated Vehicles
Haspiel, J., Du, N., Meyerson, J., Robert Jr., L. P., Tilbury, D., Yang, X. J., & Pradhan, A. K. (2018) · Companion of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3173386.3177057 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Libert, K., Mosconi, E. P., & Cadieux, N. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.066 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Interacting with Chatbots: Message type and consumers' control
Whang, J.-B., Song, J. H., Lee, J., & Choi, B. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.08.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Can a Robot Be a Good Colleague?
Nyholm, S., & Smids, J. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00172-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Human-robot interaction: Conceptualising trust in frontline teams through LEGO® Serious Play®
Simon, O., Neuhofer, B., & Egger, R. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100692 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
How and When Can Robots Be Team Members? Three Decades of Research on Human–Robot Teams
Wolf, F. D., & Stock, R. (2022) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/10596011221076636 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Kim, H., Murphy, R. R., Lee, S. H., & Ahn, C. R. (2021) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000994 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Human and Robot Personality in Health Care Human-Robot Interaction
Esterwood, C. T., & Robert, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.748246 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Human–robot interaction through the lens of social psychological theories of intergroup behavior.
Smith, E. R., Šabanović, S., & Fraune, M. R. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Rey, R., Cobano, J. A., Corzetto, M., Merino, L., Alvito, P., & Caballero, F. (2021) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2021.102122 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Wang, D., Ma, E., & Leung, X. Y. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2024.09.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Effects of Intimacy and Proactivity on Trust in Human-Humanoid Robot Interaction
Chien, S.-Y. J., Lin, Y.-L., & Chang, B.-F. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10324-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Xu, K., Chen, M., & You, L. (2023) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00961-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fan, J., Zhang, L., Li, N., & Man, S. (2025) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-025-03265-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
You, S., & Robert, L. (2019) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality in Healthcare Human Robot Interaction (H-HRI)
Esterwood, C. T., & Robert, L. (2020) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3406499.3415075 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Schaap, G., Bosse, T., & Vettehen, P. H. (2023) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01649-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Trust and AI weight: human-AI collaboration in organizational management decision-making
Wen, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2025.1419403 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Service robots for affective labor: a sociology of labor perspective
Dobrosovestnova, A., Hannibal, G., & Reinboth, T. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01208-x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Baumgartl, H., & Buettner, R. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.069 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
You, S., & Robert, L. (2024) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2023/17403 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneous human–robot task allocation based on artificial trust
Ali, A., Azevedo-Sa, H., Tilbury, D. M., & Robert, L. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19140-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Human–Agent Team Dynamics: A Review and Future Research Opportunities
Iftikhar, R., Chiu, Y.-T., Khan, M. S., & Caudwell, C. B. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2023.3331369 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Babamiri, M., Heidarimoghadam, R., Ghasemi, F., Tapak, L., & Mortezapour, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268942 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Technological and Interpersonal Trust in Child-Robot Interaction
van Straten, C. L., Peter, J., Kühne, R., de Jong, C., & Barco, À. (2018) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3284432.3284440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shin, M., Lee, S., Song, S. W., & Chung, D. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106605 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cheon, E., Schneiders, E., & Skov, M. B. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555094 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tu, Y., Liu, W., & Yang, Z. (2023) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-05-2022-0174 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Smoła, P., Młoźniak, I., Wojcieszko, M., Zwierczyk, U., Kobryn, M., Rzepecka, E., & Duplaga, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1458685 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Power in Human-Robot Interaction
Hou, Y. T.-Y., Cheon, E., & Jung, M. F. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3610977.3634949 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A Review on Trust in Human-Robot InteractionPreprint
Khavas, Z. R. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.10045 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Employees’ attitudes towards intelligent robots: a dilemma analysis
Looy, A. V. (2022) · Information Systems and e-Business Management · doi:10.1007/s10257-022-00552-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Practical, Ethical, and Overlooked: Teleoperated Socially Assistive Robots in the Quest for Autonomy
Elbeleidy, S., Mott, T., & Williams, T. (2022) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889573 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Factors that influence robot acceptance
Xu, L., & Yu, F. (2019) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2019-0136 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Matching digital companions with customers: The role of perceived similarity
Gelbrich, K., Kerath, A., & Chun, H. H. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21893 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kintz, J. R., Banerjee, N., Zhang, J. Y., Anderson, A. P., & Clark, T. (2022) · Hum. Factors · doi:10.1177/00187208221129371 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Rato, D., Correia, F., Pereira, A., & Prada, R. (2022) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-022-00944-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Grundke, A. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2210688 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Trusting robots: a relational trust definition based on human intentionality
Schäfer, A., Esterbauer, R., & Kubicek, B. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03897-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
"I think you are doing a bad job!"
van der Hoorn, D., Neerincx, A., & de Graaf, M. M. A. (2021) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3434073.3444681 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Luo, L., Ogawa, K., Peebles, G., & Ishiguro, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2022.728776 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Abendschein, B., Edwards, C. C., Edwards, A. P., Rijhwani, V., & Stahl, J. (2021) · Journal of Communication Pedagogy · doi:10.31446/jcp.2021.1.12 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Augmenting Human Teams with Robots in Knowledge Work Settings: Insights from the Literature
Ren, Y., & Clement, J. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3649884 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Esterwood, C. T., Essenmacher, K., Yang, H., Zeng, F., & Robert, L. (2021) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515394 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A novel digital twins-driven mutual trust framework for human–robot collaborations
Li, J., Zhu, E., Lin, W., Yang, S. X., & Yang, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.04.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A mini imitation game: How individuals model social robots via behavioral outcomes and social roles
Xu, K. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.101950 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
People’s Perceptions of Gendered Robots Performing Gender Stereotypical Tasks
Neuteboom, S. Y., & de Graaf, M. M. A. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90525-5_3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ye, X., & Robert, L. (2023) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309400 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ţîțu, A. M., Gusan, V., Dragomir, M., Pop, A. B., & Țîțu, Ș. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16135292 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Motivational theory of human robot teamwork
Robert, L. (2018) · International Robotics & Automation Journal · doi:10.15406/iratj.2018.04.00131 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Visser, E. J., Topoglu, Y., Joshi, S., Krüeger, F., Phillips, E. K., Gratch, J. S., Tossell, C. C., & Ayaz, H. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22031287 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wolf, F. D., & Stock, R. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62056-1_21 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
From humans to AI: understanding why AI is perceived as the preferred co-creation partner
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., & Xu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1695532 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The privacy paradox in interactions with service robots in the workplace
Hannig, M., Stock, R., & Knof, M. (2025) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2024.2445135 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adding Intelligent Robots to Business Processes: A Dilemma Analysis of Employees’ Attitudes
Looy, A. V. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58666-9_25 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Collaborating with Technology-Based Autonomous Agents: Issues and Research OpportunitiesPreprint
Seeber, I., Waizenegger, L., Seidel, S., Morana, S., Benbasat, I., & Lowry, P. (2019) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3504587 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
You, S., & Robert, L. (2022) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-022-04645-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Social Factors and Team Dynamics on Adoption of Collaborative Robot Autonomy
Schrum, M., Neville, G., Johnson, M., Moorman, N. M., Paleja, R., Feigh, K. M., & Gombolay, M. (2021) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3434073.3444649 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Your Robot is Watching: Using Surface Cues to Evaluate the Trustworthiness of Human Actions
Surendran, V., & Wagner, A. R. (2019) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man46459.2019.8956343 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Liao, S., Chen, K., Yao, Y., & Chen, Q. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2430911 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Özkan, A., Akkaya, B., & ÖZKAN, H. (2020) · Business And Management Studies An International Journal · doi:10.15295/bmij.v8i3.1591 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lacroix, D., Wullenkord, R., & Eyssel, F. (2023) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3568294.3580152 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bacaksız, F. E., Yılmaz, M., Ezizi, K., & Alan, H. (2020) · Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi · doi:10.5222/shyd.2020.59455 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Interactive Vignettes: Enabling Large-Scale Interactive HRI Research
Lee, W.-Y., Sakashita, M., Ricci, A. E., Claure, H., Guimbretière, F. V., & Jung, M. F. (2021) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man50785.2021.9515376 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Learning to Sequence Multiple Tasks with Competing Constraints
Duan, A., Camoriano, R., Ferigo, D., Huang, Y., Calandriello, D., Rosasco, L., & Pucci, D. (2019) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros40897.2019.8968496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Validation of the Human-Generative Artificial Intelligence Trust Scale
Wang, P., Yin, K., Tian, M., Zheng, Y., Wu, H., Zhou, C. Q., Zhang, M., Ma, J., & Yuan, X. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2542881 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Impacts of Social Humanoid Robot’s Nonverbal Communication on Perceived Personality Traits
Chien, S.-Y. J., Chen, C.-L., & Chan, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2295696 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Hidden Technological Labour of Service Workers in Health and Beauty Shops
Meissner, J. L., Pretterhofer, N., Bergmann, N., & Haselsteiner, E. (2022) · Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work (CHIWORK) · doi:10.1145/3533406.3533413 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Personality in Healthcare Human Robot Interaction (H-HRI): A Literature Review and Brief CritiquePreprint
Esterwood, C. T., & Robert, L. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.06723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evolution of Human–Robot Personality Similarity: A Historical Analysis from 1960 to 2019
Jiang, Z., & Xu, L. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2440641 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neuteboom, S. Y., & de Graaf, M. M. A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.06127 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alternative Group Technologies and Their Influence on Group Technology Acceptance
Ammari, T., You, S., & Robert, L. (2018) · American Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.12691/ajis-6-2-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective and Cognitive Reactions to Robot-Initiated Social Control of Health Behaviors
Xu, J., Zhang, C., Cuijpers, R. H., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3610977.3634962 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Personality Traits and Willingness to Use a Robot: Extending Emic/Etic Personality Concept
Babamiri, M., Heidarimoghadam, R., Ghasemi, F., Tapak, L., & Mortezapour, A. (2024) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-024-01129-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Performing a Task Alongside a Robot: Exploring the Impact of Social Comparison
Yaar, G., Oberlender, A., Saadon, N. H., Zuckerman, O., & Erel, H. (2024) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3613905.3651055 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kim, D. Y., & Lee, H. K. (2025) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/jfmm-04-2024-0116 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
User and Robot Personality Interactions in Parasocial Presence and Intention to Use Social Robots
Montalvo, F. L., Thai, P., Stephens, P., Jones, L., McConnell, D. S., & Smither, J. A.-A. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS) · doi:10.1109/ichms56717.2022.9980632 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
You Got the Job! Understanding Hiring Decisions for Robots as Organizational Members
Heitlinger, L., Stock‐Homburg, R., & Wolf, F. D. (2022) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri53351.2022.9889444 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tatsukawa, K., Takahashi, H., Yoshikawa, Y., & Ishiguro, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2019.00088 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Concordance of Risk Tendency Increases User's Satisfaction
Kawagoe, A., & Ōsawa, H. (2020) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3406499.3415086 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ōsawa, H., Kawagoe, A., Sato, E., & Kato, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2021.658348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Group Composition as a Cause, a Consequence, and a Process: A Communication-centered Perspective
Yoon, K., & Kim, Y. J. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80043-500-120211022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ernens, S., Delcourt, C., Dessart, L., & Baiwir, L. (2022) · Journal of Service Management Research · doi:10.5771/2511-8676-2022-4-262 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Philip, J., & Wong, S. I. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2024.101371 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Trust Transfer in Robots between Task Environments
Law, T., Chita-Tegmark, M., & Scheutz, M. J. (2024) · International Symposium on Trustworthy Autonomous Systems (TAS) · doi:10.1145/3686038.3686061 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ye, X., & Robert, L. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3757279.3788657 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- You, S., & Robert Jr., L. P.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbot, MI, USA
- ORCID
- You, Sangseok
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2018 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2018-02-26
- Pages
- 251-260
- OpenAlex
- W2782247249
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 22.77
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Keywords
- trust in robots, human-robot collaboration, human-robot interaction, robot design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
