The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 55 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Media as Social Transition Machinery
Open accessAbstract
Social media, and people's online self-presentations and social networks, add complexity to people's experiences managing changing identities during life transitions. I use gender transition as a case study to understand how people experience liminality on social media. I qualitatively analyzed data from transition blogs on Tumblr (n=240), a social media blogging site on which people document their gender transitions, and in-depth interviews with transgender bloggers (n=20). I apply ethnographer van Gennep's liminality framework to a social media context and contribute a new understanding of liminality by arguing that reconstructing one's online identity during life transitions is a rite of passage. During life transitions, people present multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites that together comprise what I call social transition machinery. Social transition machinery describes the ways that, for people facing life transitions, multiple social media sites and networks o"en remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Haimson analyzes Tumblr transition blogs and interviews to argue that during gender transition, social media act as “social transition machinery”: separate sites and networks work together to support identity reconstruction as a rite of passage. The paper argues that liminality online is multiple, not neutral or identity-less.
Key findings
- Across 240 Tumblr transition blogs (84,481 posts) and 20 interviews, participants used Tumblr for transition work—expressive writing, self-documentation, and identity exploration—while 19 of 20 also used Facebook and often kept identities and networks separate.
- Facebook was used for mass trans identity disclosure when participants were ready, converting transition into an event; Tumblr was a self-focused yet social space for autonomy, support, and transition work.
- The paper argues that liminality on social media is multiple rather than neutral, and that reconstructing one’s online identity is a rite of passage; “social transition machinery” describes separate sites that remain separate yet work together.
- Blog sample demographics: 47% female-to-male/FTM/trans men, 46% male-to-female/MTF/trans women, 7% nonbinary; interview sample was 50% trans women, 35% trans men, and 15% nonbinary trans people, with average age 26.65.
Methods
- Collected text data from 240 Tumblr transition blogs via Tumblr’s API, from each blog’s first post through January 4, 2017, totaling 84,481 posts; used an opt-out approach after messaging 257 bloggers.
- Conducted qualitative content analysis on 3,200 manually coded Tumblr posts, combining conventional and directed content analysis, alongside exploratory immersion and memoing.
- Conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 bloggers (19 video chat, 1 phone; average 60 minutes, SD = 13.8, range 40–88 minutes), transcribed and analyzed with inductive open coding, axial coding, and memoing; reached data saturation after approximately 15 interviews.
Limitations
- The paper states that all participants were avid Tumblr users, so results may not generalize to non-Tumblr users, those more invested in other sites, those documenting transitions elsewhere, or those who do not document transitions; participants may also be more “open” than others.
- The paper states that those most distressed may have been less likely to respond to interview requests, though blog data still captured some of their experiences.
- Evident from the text: the blog sample skewed young (63% aged 18–24), most bloggers did not specify race/ethnicity (93%), visual content was not collected, and the opt-out approach may miss bloggers who did not see or respond to messages.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
62 Own interpretation · 31 Sources not found · 31 Own result · 21 Own method · 17 No basis given · 4 Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for intense identity concentration and transition work, while Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
- Also stated in: § 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a · plain
“b.In this study, Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 1 INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost all interview participants (n = 19 out of 20) reported using Facebook in addition to Tumblr.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before they had disclosed their trans identity to their Facebook networks, participants described presenting their pre-transition gender and identity on Facebook, while presenting their new or transitional gender on Tumblr.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plaincorrelationaln = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants described using Tumblr for transition work, including expressive writing, self-documentation, and identity exploration, in a self-focused yet social online environment.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4 RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During life transitions, people present multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites that together comprise what I call social transition machinery.”
- Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS · plain
“During gender transition, Tumblr transition bloggers presented multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites as a mechanism to keep identities and networks separate.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > Abstract
plaindirectn = 240- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
- Also stated in: § 4 RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, in this study, Tumblr is social transition machinery for intense identity concentration and transition work, while Facebook is social transition machinery for converting a transition into an event.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 1 INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People's particular presentation on the two sites varied, but each person described presenting a pretransition name, gender, and appearance on Facebook while presenting a different name, gender, and appearance on their transition blog.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plainn = 19- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During gender transition, Tumblr transition bloggers presented multiple identities simultaneously on different social media sites as a mechanism to keep identities and networks separate.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4 RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Though blogs resemble diaries in some ways, blogs are different because they are inherently social [60]; transition bloggers exist within a network of other bloggers, many of whom follow and interact with each other.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“People chose Facebook as a platform for mass disclosure because it was an efficient and official way to disclose trans identity to one's network, similar to how some use Facebook to disclose relationship breakups [38], pregnancy loss [4], and other life transitions.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.4 Facebook for Transition Disclosure
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [4]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
- Probably not a substantial claim. 46
- It may state two separate claims as one. 49
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transition blogs include text, photos and/or videos documenting changes over time.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transition blogs also often include personal day-to-day anecdotes not related to gender transition or trans identity.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Commonly, these blogs include diary-like entries discussing social, medical, and legal aspects of transition: discussion of the coming out process and resulting acceptance, support, and/or rejection, physical and mental changes, medical procedures such as hormone replacement therapy and gender reassignment surgeries, and name and document changes.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Tumblr is not the only platform trans people use to document their transitions; many use YouTube [23,67], and some participants in my study mentioned that people also increasingly use Instagram for this purpose.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [67]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Namely, Tumblr transition bloggers form a supportive community that embodies kinship and camaraderie and forms a social structure around the shared experience of gender transition.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On Tumblr, transition bloggers form a supportive community of people going through a similar life change, and share advice, information, emotional support, and a sense of belonging.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.3. Social Transition Machinery and Online Identity Reconstruction as a Rite of Passage
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet Tumblr enables people to be alone in a networked environment and among a supportive community of similar others.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.3. Social Transition Machinery and Online Identity Reconstruction as a Rite of Passage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr enables separation from existing networks and rejection of traditional tiebased social connections.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a.In this study, they remained connected through Facebook, yet retreated to Tumblr to do transition work.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, regardless of the methods used to partition networks and disclose one's trans identity, participants reported in interviews and on their blogs how coming out on Facebook was a defining moment in their transitions, and often a somewhat final point on their disclosure paths.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.4 Facebook for Transition Disclosure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While participants in this study used Tumblr for transition work (e.g., expressive writing, selfdocumentation, identity exploration), when they reached a point in their transition trajectories where they were ready to disclose their transition to a large, broad audience of people in their lives, Facebook was the site where many went to do so.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.4 Facebook for Transition Disclosure
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Posting information on Facebook is an efficient means of reaching one's network without having to disclose to each person individually [4], but it may feel untargeted and reckless for some.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.4 Facebook for Transition Disclosure
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social support is an important part of social transition machinery that occurs on both of these sites, but in different ways.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.3. Social Transition Machinery and Online Identity Reconstruction as a Rite of Passage
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet while some shared trans-related news articles on Facebook, most did not share personal transition updates on Facebook.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, people used Facebook to remain connected to their existing networks, and used Tumblr for transition work.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.2. Network Fragmentation, Not Removal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On Facebook, people shared opinions, everyday content, life updates, and professional or work-related content.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For some bloggers, this network separation made Tumblr feel anonymous, which in turn allowed more openness.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.2 Keeping Identities and Networks Separate
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many features and affordances contribute to Tumblr's prevalence of trans users and its reputation as a safe place for trans online communities.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.4 Trans Identities and Experiences Online
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Transition blogs are different from most other types of Tumblr blogs, which are often more about curation and reblogging others' content than documenting one's own personal experiences [74,96].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [74]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [96]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr is unique because many transition blogs contain substantial text content, unlike transitions as documented on YouTube and Instagram which include primarily visual content.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of the sensitive, often de-identified, and public nature of the content, I used an optout approach to data collection.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Collection
plainn = 241- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Though blogs resemble diaries in some ways, blogs are different because they are inherently social [60]; transition bloggers exist within a network of other bloggers, many of whom follow and interact with each other.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Trans people have unique health needs, and thus different information seeking practices, than the general population, and even other LGBQ people; thus health information seeking and sharing is a major focus of the trans community on Tumblr [45].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.4 Trans Identities and Experiences Online
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [45]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was approved by University of California, Irvine's Institutional Review Board.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3 METHODS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I analyzed interview data concurrently with data collection, and reached data saturation (i.e., no new codes or themes emerged) after approximately 15 interviews; yet I continued to conduct interviews in case additional themes emerged.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.4 Interviews Data Collection and Participant Description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social transition machinery describes the ways that, for people facing life transitions, multiple social media sites and networks often remain separate, yet work together to facilitate life transitions.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Fink and Miller [32] argued that Tumblr is a space where those belonging to trans and queer subcultures can represent their identities and cultures on their own terms, rather than relying on the mainstream media to represent them.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.4 Trans Identities and Experiences Online
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“with its tagging system people can denote gender and find others with similar genders [24].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 2.4 Trans Identities and Experiences Online
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Yet transition bloggers are not neutral, liminal, marginal, and inferior in the ways that Turner [91] characterized other communitas.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [91]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr is uniquely suited for these types of activities as a space that is both selffocused yet social.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I analyzed Tumblr data concurrently with interview data in an iterative process to provide more depth into my understanding of the phenomena of interest.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Writing enables self-understanding and emotion-processing in a self-focused yet networked environment.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I did not assign codes to every post, as many of them were not related to the study's research questions.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another bias to the interview sample is that those people who are most distressed may have been less likely to respond to my interview requests.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.6 Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On social media, whether or not a person is actively using a site or sites, users are always connected to their networks, and always presenting version(s) of self.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When selecting participants to interview, I took into account variations in gender, race/ethnicity, and age, to ensure that I had a diverse sample demographically.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.4 Interviews Data Collection and Participant Description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, liminality is inherently different when expressed on social media, because people can simultaneously present two, or more, identities at once, and can segment audiences and networks by using multiple platforms (in this case, Tumblr and Facebook) or account management strategies.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, social media enable people to present as multiple identities simultaneously, and as such, transition is not a neutral stage.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.1. Multiple, Not Neutral
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the digital form may seem more permanent, one could also argue that online writing is less permanent, given that the web space is managed by a company who could be bought out at any time (and was, during the course of this study), making Tumblr content precarious.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the context of gender transition, while most previous studies have characterized liminality as a neutral state, each gives hints that it is more complex than this.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media enable simultaneous identity multiplicity in ways not possible in the physical world.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media are social transition machinery and enable rites of passage in two ways: they serve as means of transition work and intense concentration on identity (e.g., on Tumblr), and as a means to convert a transition into an event (e.g., on Facebook).”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3 Social Media are Social Transition Machinery for Identity Reconstruction as a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Digital journaling spaces like blogs are difficult to lose, enable people to access and add to their blog content online rather than digging for a physical object, and facilitate tracking transition progress more consistently.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This signals a liminal state that is more multiple than neither, as I also find in this study.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those who were doing worst emotionally may not be in my interview sample, but my analysis of blog data did still capture their experiences.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.6 Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Drawing from van Gennep [33], Bridges [14] argued that: without formal transition machinery, such as the old rites of passage, we not only lack the support that traditional people enjoyed but also the powerful concentration that the old rituals provided -a power that took an extended and diffuse time of transformation and converted it into an event.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.2 Rites of Passage and Identity Transformation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [33]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coding scheme that I developed from the interview analysis mapped well to the Tumblr posts.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In modern networked cultures, life transitions are often distressing and disorienting because they do not involve standard rites of passage, and thus can feel meaningless [14,56].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.2 Rites of Passage and Identity Transformation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [56]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such separations are not necessary for every context; if a person wants to post different content for their gym friends vs. their co-workers, Facebook lists may work fine.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different social media sites serve as different pieces of social transition machinery that are separate but work together to facilitate life transitions.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.3. Social Transition Machinery and Online Identity Reconstruction as a Rite of Passage
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For two months in Fall 2016 I spent approximately one hour each day reading content posted on transition blogs and examining how transition bloggers and their audiences interacted with each other on Tumblr.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I had been following trans content on Tumblr for several years prior to this study, but became more immersed in Tumblr transition blogs when this study began.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trans people are marginalized in the sense that they are othered and treated as outsiders by many, but not in the sense that they exist on the edges of society; rather, they exist in the same social structures as everyone else, though sometimes in multiple forms simultaneously.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Yet, despite the ability to facet networks using friends lists on Facebook, most users do not use this feature because it is cumbersome and confusing and due to a lack of trust that the privacy settings will work as intended [1,40,80].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [80]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While I argue that the transition stage is not neutral, certain aspects of Turner's [91] transition framing are useful to theorize Tumblr transition blog communities.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enabled me to understand what types of content people posted, how Tumblr's features and affordances work, and how networks of trans bloggers interact.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.3 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr is unique in its duality as a self-focused space where people spent time alone, and as a supportive community.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to my inclusion criteria, all participants shared trans-related content on Tumblr”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major contribution of the present study is a new understanding of how liminality happens and what liminality means on social media and in relation to online identity.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.1 Liminality, Then and Now
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are examples of social transition machinery in action.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.4. Social Transition Machinery in Other Life Transition Contexts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be a result of the sample -it may be that people who write transition blogs are more open and willing to share personal information than other people.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.6 Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media allow multiple virtual embodiments, and thus create possibilities for people to exist in multiple spaces and multiple social environments at once.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.1 Presenting Multiple Identities Simultaneously
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While modern networked societies have standard rituals for life transitions such as marriage and childbirth, we do not have standard recognized rituals for many other life transitions, such as divorce, career change, transition from college to the workforce, and, of course, gender transition.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.2 Rites of Passage and Identity Transformation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transition bloggers' retreat to Tumblr during transition is in a sense an act of resistance to the urge for connectivity.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I revised the interview questions protocol four times throughout the interview process as I learned more through data analysis.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.4 Interviews Data Collection and Participant Description
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media are a series of separate sites that together enable identity reconstruction as a rite of passage; yet at the same time, identity change requires network separation.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, this paper's results may not generalize to those who do not use Tumblr, those who are more invested in other sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), those who document life transitions elsewhere, or those who do not document their transitions.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.6 Limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout the analysis process, I discussed emerging themes, and connections between codes and themes, on a regular basis with two other researchers.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.5 Interviews Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr, for many trans people, is a space for autonomy, where people separate themselves in some ways from their existing networks and become part of a new community of other people who are also in transitional autonomous stages.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.3 Tumblr for Transition Work
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, in the years since, this strategy has been implemented by a variety of platforms, most notably on Facebook in the form of friend lists and groups.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for data analysis.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.4 Interviews Data Collection and Participant Description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I argue that reconstructing one's online identity is a rite of passage in our society.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5 SOCIAL MEDIA AS SOCIAL TRANSITION MACHINERY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While in many other life transitions people can choose whether or not to disclose to their Facebook networks, during the transition stage trans people often reach a point where they are no longer able to conceal their physical changes.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 4.4 Facebook for Transition Disclosure
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People in transition have just as much identity as anyone else -it is just that that identity is multiple, fragmented, and complex.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.3.1. Multiple, Not Neutral
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tumblr and Reddit, in addition to not showing visible connections, also enable people to create and use multiple accounts or profiles.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that the ability to present multiple identities on social media is a critical part of moving forward through life transitions, and that the ability to do so requires segmenting audiences, the idea of having one primary social media site on which to present oneself is antiquated, whether or not that site enables audience segmentation.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Life transitions are not only a marginal state; every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 5.4 The Importance of Social Media Site Separation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 6 CONCLUSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The blog data was public.
- Rests on an assumption: The benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.
In the paper
“Existing on multiple social media sites simultaneously is central to many people's online social lives today [98].”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 6 CONCLUSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [98]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I paraphrased some blog posts to reduce traceability and to maintain bloggers' privacy, as is common practice in social computing research.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 6 CONCLUSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Tumblr transition blogs and interviews with bloggers accurately reflect people's experiences of gender transition on social media.
“I examined trans people's transition experiences using content analysis of data from transition blogs on Tumblr (n = 240 blogs), a social media blogging site on which people document their gender transitions, and qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with a subset of bloggers (n = 20).”
The paper relies on this without support.
People's online self-presentations on different social media sites correspond to their actual identities and transition stages.
“People's particular presentation on the two sites varied, but each person described presenting a pretransition name, gender, and appearance on Facebook while presenting a different name, gender, and appearance on their transition blog.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions.
“Because networked societies lack formal rites of passage for many life transitions, for social media users, social media fill this gap by acting as social transition machinery for life transitions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.
“However, social media sites and services constantly urge users to connect across sites and networks that may be discordant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.
“Life transitions are not only a marginal state; every person experiences multiple life transitions throughout their lives, and sometimes several in tandem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous literature characterized transitional periods in people's lives as neutral or identity-less.
“My description of liminality is a substantial departure from previous literature, which characterized transitional periods in people's lives as neutral or identity-less -which, in my view, further marginalizes transitional populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The blog data was public.
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.
“An opt-out approach was ethically appropriate given that I paraphrased blog post quotes to reduce traceability, the data was public, some bloggers may not have logged in to view messages or may have chosen not to respond to my message, and the benefit of analyzing a large rich dataset outweighed the minimal potential harm to participants.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The full dataset included 84,481 posts, with average word count of 71.38 (median = 33, SD = 124.70).On average, each blogger posted 367 total text posts that met my data collection criteria”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.2 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Description
Reported 367 · recomputed 352.004167
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“121 (47%) bloggers responded: 106 (41%) of the total initial sample explicitly gave permission to collect their data, 16 (6%) opted out, and three (1%) asked for more information but did not opt in or out.”
§ Social Media as Social Transition Machinery > 3.1 Tumblr Transition Blogs Data Collection
Reported 121 · recomputed 125
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Metadata
- Authors
- Haimson, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haimson, Oliver
- ORCID
- Haimson, Oliver
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- CSCW
- Pages
- 1-21
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2899321560
- Semantic Scholar
- b2ef5609b432ef6a0ae6d62548e3c79c04578652
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 18.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Keywords
- social media, gender transition, transgender people, liminality, Van Gennep, rites of passage, online identity, self-presentation, Tumblr, life transitions, multiple identities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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