Cited by 140Digital Accessibility for DisabilitiesAssistive Technology in Communication and MobilityImage Retrieval and Classification Techniques

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"Person, Shoes, Tree. Is the Person Naked?" What People with Vision Impairments Want in Image Descriptions

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Stangl, Abigale, Morris, Meredith Ringel, Gurari, Danna·2020·Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

DOI 10.1145/3313831.3376404

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Abstract

Access to digital images is important to people who are blind or have low vision (BLV). Many contemporary image description efforts do not take into account this population's nuanced image description preferences. In this paper, we present a qualitative study that provides insight into 28 BLV people's experiences with descriptions of digital images from news websites, social networking sites/platforms, eCommerce websites, employment websites, online dating websites/platforms, productivity applications, and e-publications. Our findings reveal how image description preferences vary based on the source where digital images are encountered and the surrounding context. We provide recommendations for the development of next-generation image description technologies inspired by our empirical analysis.

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Background
Authoring accessible media content on social networks
Pereira, L. S., Coelho, J., Rodrigues, A., Guerreiro, J., Guerreiro, T., & Duarte, C. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3544882 · Cited by 12
“Stangl et al. [32] classifed some of the existing approaches to generate image descriptions as human-powered approaches, automated image descriptions approaches and hybrid image description technologies.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
“I Just Didn’t Notice It:” Experiences with Misinformation Warnings on Social Media amongst Users Who Are Low Vision or Blind
Sharevski, F., & Zeidieh, A. N. (2023) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/3633500.3633502 · Cited by 17
“Users who are low vision or blind often are unable to capture details such as emotions as well as cultural and political contexts on social media in order to enjoy images meaningfully [90].”
Background
Pic2Tac: Creating Accessible Tactile Images using Semantic Information from Photographs
Pakėnaitė, K., Kamperou, E., Proulx, M. J., Sharma, A., & Hall, P. M. (2024) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3623509.3633377 · Cited by 12
“The preference for describing image content varies across different sources, such as the news, social media, and employment websites [50].”
Background
"That's in the eye of the beholder": Layers of Interpretation in Image Descriptions for Fictional Representations of People with Disabilities
Edwards, E. J., Polster, K. L., Tuason, I., Blank, E., Gilbert, M., & Branham, S. M. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3471222 · Cited by 12
“In recent years, studies have focused on the complicated question of how to properly depict social identities in image descriptions [2, 59].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Context-VQA: Towards Context-Aware and Purposeful Visual Question Answering
Naik, N. S., Potts, C., & Kreiss, E. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops · doi:10.1109/iccvw60793.2023.00301 · Cited by 11
“However, there is a growing consensus that people’s information needs for the same image changes depending on the context where the image appears [18, 17, 14, 10].”
Background
"I Upload... All Types of Different Things to Say the World of Blindness Is More Than What They Think It Is": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Identity Work from a Flourishing Perspective
Lyu, Y., Cai, J., Dosono, B., Yadav, D., & Carroll, J. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3687013 · Cited by 17
“Stangl et al. [77] introduced an investigation on blind people’s specific needs in terms of understanding images in different contexts: when users were viewing images posted on general social network The situated requirements when using social media further point out that blind users’ experiences…”
Image Descriptions' Limitations for People with Visual Impairments
Jandrey, A. H., Ruiz, D. D., & Silveira, M. S. (2021) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3472301.3484356 · Cited by 11
“Quatro estudos englobaram demais plataformas como, por exemplo, YouTube [29], WhatsApp [29], Instagram [29, 34], LinkedIn [34], Snapchat[34] e Indeed [32].”
BackgroundInfluential
Making Lecture Videos Accessible for Students who are Blind or have Low Vision through AI-Assisted Navigation and Visual Question Answering
Anderer, K., Müller, K., Strobel, L., Wölfel, M., Niehues, J., & Gerling, K. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746349 · Cited by 14
“User preferences differ, which also depends on the context in which an image is provided as worked on by [52, 77] has analyzed.”
Probing the Gaps in ChatGPT's Live Video Chat for Real-World Assistance for People who are Blind or Visually Impaired
Chang, R.-C., Natalie, R., Xu, W., Yap, J. Z. F., & Guo, A. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746319 · Cited by 21
“Moreover, the information needs of BVI users vary depending on both the context of access and the type of image content (e.g., object versus scene) [31, 45, 68, 84, 85].”
IC3: Image Captioning by Committee Consensus
Chan, D., Myers, A., Vijayanarasimhan, S., Ross, D., & Canny, J. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.556 · Cited by 18
“Malicious” Pictorials: How Alt Text Matters to Screen Reader Users' Experience of Image-Dense Media
Yin, A., Sogani, R., Oewel, B., Phan, K., Park, J. S. Y., Yeo, M. A., Yazzolino, L. A., Arcos, K., Abdolrahmani, A., Blank, E., et al. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3660747 · Cited by 9
“One approach to these challenges has been to further explore manual and collaborative means of creation, with an emphasis on the importance of context sensitivity and inclusion of expert screen reader users in the authoring process [18][24][20][22][29] [30][4].”
Background
“Honestly I Never Really Thought About Adding a Description”: Why Highly Engaged Tweets Are Inaccessible
Alkhathlan, M., Tlachac, M., Harrison, L., & Rundensteiner, E. A. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_23 · Cited by 9
Interactive wearable digital devices for blind and partially sighted people
Xue, W., Ren, Y., Tang, Y. W., Gong, Z., Zhang, T., Chen, Z., Dong, X., Ma, X., Wang, Z., Xu, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44287-025-00170-w · Cited by 9
“For example, blind and partially sighted people prefer to understand the purpose of images posted on social networking sites and the expressions or body language of any individuals depicted 97 .”
Landscape Analysis of Commercial Visual Assistance Technologies
Sadjo, E., Findlater, L., & Stangl, A. J. (2021) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3441852.3476521 · Cited by 8
“First, people who are blind are concerned about the accuracy of automated visual assistance (e.g., [15, 22, 31, 41]).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Audio description of gender: self-description as an evocation of identity
Oppegaard, B., & Miguel, A. (2022) · Perspectives · doi:10.1080/0907676x.2022.2116990 · Cited by 8
“In this vein, academic researchers are beginning to examine gender discourse designed for people who are blind or who have low-vision and unable to see important visual cues of gender (e.g., Stangl et al., 2020; Villela & Iturregui-Gallardo, 2020).”
Background
Communicating Visualizations without Visuals: Investigation of Visualization Alternative Text for People with Visual ImpairmentsPreprint
Jung, C., Mehta, S., Kulkarni, A., Zhao, Y., & Kim, Y. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.03657 · Cited by 8
Investigating Accessibility Challenges and Opportunities for Users with Low Vision Disabilities in Customer-to-Customer (C2C) Marketplaces
Ryskeldiev, B., Hara, K., Kobayashi, M., & Kusano, K. (2022) · Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3517428.3550390 · Cited by 8
AltAuthor: A Context-Aware Alt Text Authoring Tool with Image Classification and LMM-Powered Accessibility Compliance
Song, H., Shin, M., Kim, Y., Jang, K., Choi, J., Jung, H., & Suh, B. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708557.3716366 · Cited by 7
Deep Convolutional Neural Network with KNN Regression for Automatic Image Annotation
Bensaci, R., Khaldi, B., Aiadi, O., & Benchabana, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112110176 · Cited by 7
Rescribe: Authoring and Automatically Editing Audio DescriptionsPreprint
Pavel, A., Reyes, G., & Bigham, J. P. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.03667 · Cited by 7
TableNarrator: Making Image Tables Accessible to Blind and Low Vision People
Mo, Y., Huang, G., Li, L., Deng, D., Yu, Z., Xu, Y., Ye, K., Zhou, S., & Bu, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714329 · Cited by 6
“Although image tables enjoy advantages in information expression and propagation, they have posed significant challenges in table perception and understanding for BLV people [52].”
AIDE
Sreedhar, R., Tan, N., Zhang, J., Jin, K., Gregson, S., Moreta-Feliz, E., Samudrala, N., & Sadalgi, S. (2022) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3493612.3520453 · Cited by 6
“Participants requested descriptions of the color and unique attributes of the product as well as the styling of the environment [24, 25].”
BackgroundInfluential
Crowdsourcing Thumbnail Captions: Data Collection and Validation
Aguirre, C., Cao, S., Mahmood, A., & Huang, C.-M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3589346 · Cited by 6
“Evaluating detail importance is challenging for human judges in general-purpose captioning tasks such as ours because the relevance of specific details is highly dependent on the task at hand [50, 62].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Accessibility of Profile Pictures: Alt Text and Beyond to Express Identity Online
Mott, M. E., Tang, J. C., & Cutrell, E. B. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580710 · Cited by 6
Remote Graphic-Based Teaching for Pupils with Visual Impairments: Understanding Current Practices and Co-designing an Accessible Tool with Special Education Teachers
Zhao, K., Mulet, J., Sorita, C., Oriola, B., Serrano, M., & Jouffrais, C. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3567733 · Cited by 6
“Generally, there are two main types of solutions for providing people with VI with access to digital graphical information: graphics with alternative descriptions [36] or interactive digital graphics [6].”
Background
Gradations of Error Severity in Automatic Image Descriptions
van Miltenburg, E., Lu, W.-T., Krahmer, E., Albert Gatt, A., Chen, G., Li, L., & van Deemter, K. (2020) · International Conference on Natural Language Generation · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.inlg-1.45 · Cited by 6
“On the one hand, blind or visually impaired users indicate that they would like to see them (Stangl et al., 2020), but on the other hand, gender is notoriously difﬁ-cult to detect (Buolamwini and Gebru, 2018), and misgendering individuals can be harmful to users (Keyes, 2018).”
Background
From Cluttered to Clear: Improving the Web Accessibility Design for Screen Reader Users in E-commerce With Generative AI
Yu, Y., Ryskeldiev, B., Tsutsui, A., Gillingham, M., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746353 · Cited by 8
“Inadequate image descriptions and cluttered structures often make it difficult to retrieve information effectively [44, 60].”
Investigating the User Experience and Challenges of Food Delivery Applications for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Nair, A., Mathew, R., Mei, Z., Milallos, R., Chelladurai, P. K., & Oh, T. (2023) · Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3565066.3608688 · Cited by 5
“The ability to order food and have them delivered to their homes promotes independence, safety, and convenience for BVI individuals by eliminating the need to rely on others or navigate to unfamiliar places for grocery shopping or meal preparation [17, 24].”
Background
AccessibleShip: Exploring Packaging and Shipping Barriers for Visually Impaired Users in C2C E-Commerce
Gupta, K., Takaki, K., Tsutsui, A., Teramoto, K., & Ryskeldiev, B. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3706665 · Cited by 5
“AI-based tools now help structure online shopping platforms [19], while voice assistants optimize web search for PVI [1, 2, 6, 22, 24], collectively boosting their autonomy in the online domain.”
Communicating Photograph Content Through Tactile Images to People With Visual Impairments
Pakėnaitė, K., Nedelev, P., Kamperou, E., Proulx, M. J., & Hall, P. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2021.787735 · Cited by 5
“This is usually true for blind individuals when accessing information in photographs online, or art pieces in museums, using touch or verbal descriptions (Stangl et al., 2020; Hayhoe, 2013).”
Background
Nipping Inaccessibility in the Bud: Opportunities and Challenges of Accessible Media Content Authoring
Duarte, C., Pereira, L. S., Santos, A. J. D., Vicente, J., Rodrigues, A., Guerreiro, J., Coelho, J., & Guerreiro, T. (2021) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/3462741.3466644 · Cited by 5
“Trying to Piece It Together”: Exploring Accessible Error Detection in Emerging Privacy Techniques With Blind People
Alharbi, R., Cheong, A. D., Herskovitz, J., Brewer, R. N., & Schoenebeck, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746376 · Cited by 3
“Within visual accessibility scholarship, there is a growing interest in the subjectivity of visual description [18, 31, 106], including investigations into why crowd workers produce conflicting descriptions [23] and creating visual description standards with blind users [96].”
Semi-Automatic BVI Human-Centered Image Conversational Descriptions: Leveraging LLMs and Expert Refinements for Inclusive Visual Accessibility
Salous, M., Lange, D., von Reeken, T., Wolters, M. K., Heuten, W., Boll, S., & Abdenebaoui, L. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3605490 · Cited by 4
“Before, I Asked My Mom, Now I Ask ChatGPT”: Visual Privacy Management with Generative AI for Blind and Low-Vision People
Sharma, T., Tseng, Y., Zhang, L., Ide, A., Mack, K., Findlater, L., Gurari, D., & Wang, Y. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746335 · Cited by 6
“To guide this investigation, we introduced a set of context-specific scenarios where privacy concerns may occur, inspired by prior work [10, 18, 36, 44, 56, 79, 81, 90].”
Self-citation
Access and Experiences of Arabic Native Speakers With Disabilities on Social Media During and After the World Pandemic
AlMeraj, Z., Doush, I. A., Alhuwail, D., Shama, S., AlBahar, A., & Al-Ramahi, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2051887 · Cited by 4
“By harnessing the power of cutting-edge technologies via AI and machine learning, we can develop algorithms that more effectively generate image descriptions that describe the visual content and enhance translations into multiple languages (Stangl et al., 2020).”
Background
From Automation to User Empowerment: Investigating the Role of a Semi-automatic Tool in Social Media Accessibility
Pereira, L. S., Guerreiro, J., Rodrigues, A., Guerreiro, T., & Duarte, C. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3647643 · Cited by 4
“As such, current strategies are evolving to encompass a variety of methods: from direct human input and automated solutions to hybrid models that combine the strengths of both approaches [ 28 ].”
Imagery contents descriptions for People with visual impairments
Jandrey, A. H., Ruiz, D. D., & Silveira, M. S. (2023) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3638067.3638105 · Cited by 4
VIIDA and InViDe: computational approaches for generating and evaluating inclusive image paragraphs for the visually impaired
Fernandes, D. L., Ribeiro, M. H. F., Silva, M. M., & Cerqueira, F. R. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2437567 · Cited by 3
“In spite of these technological advancements, visually impaired individuals encounter challenges in nearly all aspects of life, including navigating their environment, recognising people and objects to understand the content of TV news, online videos, and social media platforms [12,15].”
Influential
Crowdsourcing Thumbnail Captions via Time-Constrained Methods
Aguirre, C. A., Mahmood, A., & Huang, C. (2022) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3490099.3511136 · Cited by 3
“The control collection method uses the instructions fromMSCOCO [7] with threemodifications to adapt the task for BVI individuals: 1) the inclusion of “important to a person who is blind” [15] in the main instruction; 2) the removal of the instruction that prohibits proper names in descriptions, as BVI individuals pref…”
Method
Utilizing a Dense Video Captioning Technique for Generating Image Descriptions of Comics for People with Visual Impairments
Kim, S., Lee, S., Kim, K., & Oh, U. (2024) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3640543.3645154 · Cited by 3
“For example, Stangl et al. [29] claimed that not only the visual description of an image but also its purpose should be conveyed.”
Background
ImageExplorer Deployment: Understanding Text-Based and Touch-Based Image Exploration in the Wild
Xu, A., Cai, M., Hou, D., Chang, R.-C., & Guo, A. (2024) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3677846.3677861 · Cited by 3
“…by users in section 5.4, we can see that behind each image, there is a unique story, and it is necessary to generate unique and personalized captions for individual users, similar to the findings in Stangl et al. [32] that the context of accessing images affects users’ needs for image captions.”
Influential
Understanding Research Themes and Interactions at Scale within Blind and Low-vision Research in ACM and IEEE
Medina, M. J., Thoo, Y.-J., Baudet, C., Froehlich, J. E., Ruffieux, N., & Lalanne, D. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3726531 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, challenges faced by BLV individuals regarding visual content and the detrimental effects of inadequate descriptions are well-documented [115, 173, 190].”
[Paper] Image Sonification System Based on Auditory Icons and Stereophonic Presentation Considering Image Scenes and Human Action
Mashiba, Y., Salih, H. E. B., Wakatsuki, N., Mizutani, K., & Zempo, K. (2022) · ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications · doi:10.3169/mta.10.216 · Cited by 3

Authors: Stangl, A., Morris, M. R., & Gurari, D.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Microsoft (United States) (US)
ORCID: Stangl, Abigale
Morris, Meredith Ringel
Gurari, Danna
Venue: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Publisher: ACM
Published: 2020-04-21
Pages: 1-13
DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376404
OpenAlex: W2998746484
Cited by: 139
References: 31
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 8
FWCI: 27.00
Type: conference paper
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
Funders: Micorsoft
Topics: Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
Keywords: picture description, blind and visually impaired users, accessibility, digital images, web accessibility, digital platforms

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"Person, Shoes, Tree. Is the Person Naked?" What People with Vision Impairments Want in Image Descriptions

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