BunCho: AI Supported Story Co-Creation via Unsupervised Multitask Learning to Increase Writers’ Creativity in Japanese
Open accessAbstract
Co-creation with artificial intelligence (AI) is an upcoming trend. However, less attention has been given to the construction of systems for Japanese novelists. In this study, we built “BunCho”, an AI supported story co-creation system in Japanese. BunCho’s AI is GPT-2 (an unsupervised multitask language model) trained using a large-scale dataset of Japanese web texts and novels. With BunCho, users can generate titles and synopses from keywords. Furthermore, we propose an interactive story co-creation AI system as a tabletop role-playing game. According to summative studies of writers (N=16) and readers (N=32), 69% writers enjoyed writing synopses with BunCho more than by themselves, and at least one of five common metrics were improved at objective evaluation, including creativity. In addition, 63% writers indicated that BunCho broadened their stories. BunCho showed paths to assist Japanese novelists in creating high-level and creative writing.
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The systematic literature review followed PRISMA guidelines.
“We conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines [93] to identify and analyze research on AI writing support systems.”
From Co-Writing with AI, on Human Terms: Aligning Research with User Demands Across the Writing Process (2025) · cites this paper as [93]
The Introduction discusses AI-assisted creative writing, and Section 4 describes a BunCho user study, not systematic-review methods. Searches for PRISMA guidelines and a systematic literature review found no passage addressing either in our copy; the paper therefore cannot verify the citation attached to “PRISMA guidelines.” Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProviding stimuli that can ignite creative thinking in children aids them in detailing and refining their stories and helps them overcome artist's block.
“Second, it is crucial to provide stimuli that can ignite creative thinking in children, aiding them in the detailing and refinement of their stories; such stimuli can help children overcome artist's block [44, 71].”
From ChatScratch: An AI-Augmented System Toward Autonomous Visual Programming Learning for Children Aged 6-12 (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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“While this has been explored in several ways such as using AI as a copilot programmer [33, 54] collaboratively writing or designing with AI [47, 51], its potential has not been explored in multi-stakeholder co-design contexts.”
Mapping the Design Space of Human-AI Interaction in Text Summarization
Cheng, R., Smith, A., Zhang, K., Tetreault, J., & Jaimes-Larrarte, A. (2022) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.33 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Intelligent Support Engages Writers Through Relevant Cognitive Processes
Göldi, A., Wambsganß, T., Neshaei, S. P., & Rietsche, R. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642549 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“5 Turbo model we use in our research [7] have been employed across various domains [31, 38], from creative writing to language learning [12, 26, 30, 33, 51].”
Ding, Z., Smith, A., Zhang, W., Tetreault, J., & Jaimes, A. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.217 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Natural language processing: An overview of models, transformers and applied practices
Canchila, S., Meneses-Eraso, C., Casanoves-Boix, J., Cortés-Pellicer, P., & Sirvent, F. C. (2024) · Computer Science and Information Systems · doi:10.2298/csis230217031c · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sänger, M., Mecquenem, N. D., Lewińska, K. E., Bountris, V., Lehmann, F., Leser, U., & Kosch, T. (2024) · GigaScience · doi:10.1093/gigascience/giae030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These generative capabilities have empowered these models to assist in diverse (creative) writing tasks and have been utilized to facilitate a wide range”
BackgroundQin, H. X., Zhu, G., Fan, M., & Hui, P. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713569 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…[15, 24, 44, 57, 66, 111, 123, 127], evaluation of underlying meanings [27, 35, 57, 75, 131, 132], generation of new story content [23, 27, 88, 101, 149], impersonation [18, 50, 82, 108], and summary generation [28, 29, 71, 107, 132], which depends on the ability to extract underlying…”
Dancing with the Unexpected and Beyond
Wu, Y., Yu, Y., & An, P. (2022) · International Symposium of Chinese CHI (Chinese CHI) · doi:10.1145/3565698.3565777 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“[44] are more cautious, who focus on improvement based on writer’s written content and further increase their interest in creating more new ideas on their own.”
BackgroundSARD: A Human-AI Collaborative Story Generation
Radwan, A. Y., Alasmari, K. M., Abdulbagi, O. A., & Alghamdi, E. A. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76806-4_7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An Exploration of Mental Models of AI in Human–AI Co-Creativity: A Framework and Insights
Rezwana, J., & Maher, M. L. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3769072 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Making the Write Connections: Linking Writing Support Tools with Writer Needs
Zhao, Z., Masson, D., Kim, Y., Penn, G., & Chevalier, F. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713161 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Much of the more recent research focuses on co-writing with AI by either taking turns while writing [20, 80, 88, 89, 98, 110], having the AI write the story based on the idea provided [55, 72, 73, 82, 84], or having it fill in missing components [75].”
Mok, P. Y., Chuang, H., Cheng, M., & Smith, T. J. (2025) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.70004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neshaei, S. P., Rietsche, R., Su, X., & Wambsganss, T. (2024) · Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3640543.3645169 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
CoCo Matrix: Taxonomy of Cognitive Contributions in Co-writing with Intelligent Agents
Wan, R., Gebreegziabher, S. A., Li, T. J.-J., & Badillo-Urquiola, K. (2024) · Creativity and Cognition · doi:10.1145/3635636.3664260 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lottery and Sprint: Generate a Board Game with Design Sprint Method on AutoGPT
Torii, M. G., Murakami, T., & Ochiai, Y. (2023) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3573382.3623706 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For example, Buncho employs GPT-2 to enhance writers’ enjoyment in crafting novels [12], and similar capabilities have been applied to adjust video game level difficulty [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDesigning a Language Model-Based Authoring Tool Prototype for Interactive Storytelling
Park, J., Shin, J., Kim, G., & Bae, B.-C. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47658-7_22 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Imamura, S., Hiraki, H., & Rekimoto, J. (2024) · Augmented Humans International Conference (AHs) · doi:10.1145/3652920.3652931 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Buncho [35] supports writing novels in Japanese.”
BackgroundHe, S., Wu, J., & Qin, J. (2024) · The Design Journal · doi:10.1080/14606925.2024.2433357 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…intelligence (genAi) presents new avenues for creativity. genAi plays an increasingly important role in creative work, from generating texts and images to crafting multimedia content (Fan, Dinculescu, and Ha 2019; Huang et al. 2023; Kang, Poria, and Herremans 2024; Osone, Lu, and Ochiai 2021).”
NoTeeline: Supporting Real-Time, Personalized Notetaking with LLM-Enhanced Micronotes
Huq, F., Samee, A., Lin, D. C.-E., Tang, A. X., & Bigham, J. P. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712086 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ideasquares: Utilizing generative text as a source of design inspiration
Yun, G., Cho, K., Jeong, Y., & Nam, T.-J. (2022) · Proceedings of DRS · doi:10.21606/drs.2022.484 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Managing and Controlling Digital Role-Playing Game Elements: A Current State of Affairs
da Rocha Franco, A. D. O., de Carvalho, W. V., da Silva, J. W. F., Maia, J. G. R., & de Castro, M. F. (2024) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100708 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neshaei, S. P., Tolzin, A., Berkle, Y., Leuchter, M., Leimeister, J., Janson, A., & Wambsganss, T. (2025) · Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3711023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Human-AI Co-creation Practice to Reconfigure the Cultural Emotion : Han
Yu, Y., Yu, H., Cho, J., Park, J., Lim, E., & Ha, J. (2022) · International Conference on Information Technology for Social Good (GoodIT) · doi:10.1145/3524458.3547127 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Co-Creating Question-and-Answer Style Articles with Large Language Models for Research Promotion
Lim, H., Cho, J. Y., Kim, T., Park, J., Shin, H., Choi, S., Park, S., Lee, K., Kim, J., Lee, M., et al. (2024) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3643834.3660705 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Research on human-AI co-creation systems have been actively conducted in a wide range of creative tasks for design [29], illustrations [9, 62, 65], music composition [40], dancing [64], drawing [19, 33, 46], storytelling [14, 16, 43, 45, 48, 59], and writing [4, 17, 23, 28, 39, 52, 77].”
BackgroundMethodWhere Do I 'Add the Egg'?: Exploring Agency and Ownership in AI Creative Co-Writing Systems
Carrera, D., Thomas-Mitchell, J., & Wigdor, D. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791952 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Many interfaces resembled commercial instantiations of this archetype, utilizing buttons, dropdown menus, and keywords (in creative writing [51, 58, 70, 80] and other writing contexts [28, 38, 63]).”
Im, J., & Chang, B.-H. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12405-0_24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring the Collaborative Co-Creation Process with AI: A Case Study in Novice Music Production
Fu, Y., Newman, M., Going, L., Feng, Q., & Lee, J. H. (2025) · arXiv · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Such synergy has found applications across various domains, including writing [59], fashion design [25], architecture [72], marketing and advertising [39], visual arts [84], and more.”
Designing Human-AI Collaboration to Support Learning in Counterspeech Writing
Ding, X., Ping, K., Gunturi, U. S., Carik, B., Stil, S., Wilhelm, L. A., Daryanto, T., E.Hawdon, J., Lee, S. W., & Rho, E. H. R. (2025) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl-hcc65237.2025.00052 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“For instance, Osone et al. identified challenges in collaborating with AI in creative writing, where experienced writers exhibited dissatisfaction with AI-generated content due to misalignment with expected storylines [46].”
Ahn, C. (2025) · Asian Communication Research · doi:10.20879/acr.2025.22.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mendes, A. C. D. S., Adsero, M., Palicka, J., Zholdoshov, N., & Xin, Z. (2025) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06833-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RhymASL: An Interactive Rhyming ASL Story Generator
Li, Y., Willis, A. S., Zhiyuan, Y., & Bai, Z. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3759734 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Building on recent advances in AI-human co-creative storytelling [32, 44, 53], we also leverage large language models (LLMs) to generate story text and images automatically.”
Oneiris: An AI-augmented Brain-Computer Interface for Exploring Personal and Collective Dreamscapes
Bellemare-Pepin, A., Thölke, P., Jerbi, K., & Kite, S. (2025) · Conference on Animation and Interactive Art (CAIA) · doi:10.1145/3749893.3749963 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Constella: Supporting Storywriters’ Interconnected Character Creation through LLM-Based Multi-Agents
Park, S., Park, S., & Lim, Y.-K. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3796234 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Venus and Mars on Canvas: AI-Mediated Collaborative Drawing for Romantic Relationship Insight
Won, H., Kim, J., Kim, J., Kim, T., & Han, J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paraskevas, T., Konstanta, I., Germanakos, P., Sotirakou, C., Karampela, A., Mourlas, C., & Gekas, C. (2023) · International Conference of the ACM Greek SIGCHI Chapter (CHIGreece) · doi:10.1145/3609987.3610009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Finally, Osone and Ochiai [16] presented “BunCho”, a writing Web interface designed to enhance the creative abilities of Japanese novelists through the incorporation of AI tools.”
BackgroundRafner, J. F. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197698181.013.0043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fine-Tuning Open-Source LLMs for Plot Generation in Korean Popular Culture Content
Kim, J.-S., & Kim, M.-J. (2024) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2024.25.11.3167
Sotirakou, C., Germanakos, P., Karampela, A., & Mourlas, C. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14132552
Towards Intelligent Manga Generation: Exploring Diffusion Models, GANs, and Deep Learning Approaches
Sneha, Kaur, G., & Saini, M. L. (2025) · International Conference on Recent Trends in Electrical, Electronics and Computing Technologies (ICRTEECT) · doi:10.1109/icrteect67512.2025.11448686
Yin, Y., Wu, M., Huang, R., Tong, X., Zhou, J., Yu, C., & Shi, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790848
“To quantify users’ creative progress over time during the writing process, we compute Creative Gain as the accumulation of textual novelty relative [34], expert assessments [8, 21, 24] or LLM-based ratings [4, 33], which can be subjective and opaque.”
Liang, Z., Chen, Y., Madi, N. A., & Liu, C. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791209
Yu, Y., Corino, G., & Arrivabene, R. M. C. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2658245
Liu, Y., & Song, Y. (2026) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.70071
Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on UI/UX Design
Tjokro, M. S. A., & Inayatulloh (2026) · International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS) · doi:10.1109/iciss71466.2026.11715445
Emerging Digital and AI Technologies for Creativity and Critical Thinking
Jung, I. (2026) · Crossing Cultures: Liberal Learning for a World in Flux · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-5035-6_14
- Authors
- Osone, H., Lu, J.-L., & Ochiai, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Research and Development Center for Digital Nature University of Tsukuba, Japan
- ORCID
- Ochiai, Yoichi
- Venue
- Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2021-05-08
- Pages
- 1-10
- OpenAlex
- W3163363684
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJCR19F2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence in Games
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Artistic and Creative Research
- Keywords
- Japanese novelists, GPT-2, tabletop role-playing games
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