A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Modern Healthcare Systems: Attacks and Defenses
Abstract
Recent advancements in computing systems and wireless communications have made healthcare systems more efficient than before. Modern healthcare devices can monitor and manage different health conditions of patients automatically without any manual intervention from medical professionals. Additionally, the use of implantable medical devices, body area networks, and Internet of Things technologies in healthcare systems improve the overall patient monitoring and treatment process. However, these systems are complex in software and hardware, and optimizing between security, privacy, and treatment is crucial for healthcare systems because any security or privacy violation can lead to severe effects on patients’ treatments and overall health conditions. Indeed, the healthcare domain is increasingly facing security challenges and threats due to numerous design flaws and the lack of proper security measures in healthcare devices and applications. In this article, we explore various security and privacy threats to healthcare systems and discuss the consequences of these threats. We present a detailed survey of different potential attacks and discuss their impacts. Furthermore, we review the existing security measures proposed for healthcare systems and discuss their limitations. Finally, we conclude the article with future research directions toward securing healthcare systems against common vulnerabilities.
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Although current ransomware campaigns do not target CPS, the installation of more intelligent electronic devices in the field by CI makes CI and its CPS a more likely target for ransomware; as smart technologies expand, they will become a growing target; thus, ransomware targeting industrial CPS intelligent electronic devices will become more prevalent.
“Although current ransomware campaigns do not target CPS, the installation of more intelligent electronic devices in the field by CI makes the CI and its CPS a more likely target for ransomware. As smart technologies continue to expand and integrate into homes, transportation, buildings, and throughout cities, they will become a growing target in the future development of ransomware that targets”
From Impact, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies for Cyber-Secure Critical Infrastructure. (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
The use of ransomware is incredibly profitable when successful, and society pays the price for these interruptions across critical CI sectors such as food, energy, water, etc.
“The use of ransomware is incredibly profitable when successful, and society pays the price for these interruptions across critical CI sectors such as food, energy, water, etc. [16,21,28,29].”
From Impact, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies for Cyber-Secure Critical Infrastructure. (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Thus, ransomware that targets industrial CPS intelligent electronic devices will become more prevalent [16,26–28].”
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- Authors
- Newaz, A. I., Sikder, A. K., Rahman, M. A., & Uluagac, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Venue
- ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare
- Published
- 2021-07-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-44
- ISSN
- 2637-8051 (ISSN-L)
- 2691-1957
- OpenAlex
- W3186626619
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 15.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (SF-CAREER-CNS-1453647, NSF-CNS-171811)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Thoreau and American Literature
- Keywords
- healthcare privacy, security threats, biomedical implants, body area networks, Internet of Things, patient monitoring, security vulnerabilities, security measures
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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