Social, Environmental, and Technical: Factors at Play in the Current Use and Future Design of Small-Group Captioning
Open accessAbstract
Real-time captioning is a critical accessibility tool for many d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people. While the vast majority of captioning work has focused on formal settings and technical innovations, in contrast, we investigate captioning for informal, interactive small-group conversations, which have a high degree of spontaneity and foster dynamic social interactions. This paper reports on semi-structured interviews and design probe activities we conducted with 15 DHH participants to understand their use of existing real-time captioning services and future design preferences for both in-person and remote small-group communication. We found that our participants' experiences of captioned small-group conversations are shaped by social, environmental, and technical considerations (e.g., interlocutors' pre-established relationships, the type of captioning displays available, and how far captions lag behind speech). When considering future captioning tools, participants were interested in greater feedback on non-speech elements of conversation (e.g., speaker identity, speech rate, volume) both for their personal use and to guide hearing interlocutors toward more accessible communication. We contribute a qualitative account of DHH people's real-time captioning experiences during small-group conversation and future design considerations to better support the groups being captioned, both in person and online.?
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Human involvement, e.g. by correcting or monitoring ASR, can potentially increase the acceptability of ASR independent of its actual accuracy.
“Human involvement, e.g. by correcting or monitoring ASR [McDonnell et al. 2021;Seita et al. 2022], can potentially increase the acceptability of ASR independent of its actual accuracy.”
From Measuring the Accuracy of Automatic Speech Recognition Solutions (2023) · cites this paper as McDonnell et al. 2021
Section 4.2.2 (p. 15) reports that ten of thirteen participants were interested in having conversation partners correct ASR caption errors. This supports interest in human involvement, but the paper does not show that it increases ASR acceptability independently of actual accuracy; the proposed corrections were intended to address inaccuracies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur findings demonstrate that the process of being a student itself constitutes a form of access work, requiring significant cognitive, emotional, and administrative effort.
“While higher education is often framed as a pathway to professional work, our findings demonstrate that the process of being a student itself constitutes a form of access work, requiring significant cognitive, emotional, and administrative effort [15, 53, 58, 75, 78].”
From Burnout by Design: How Digital Systems Overburden Neurodivergent Students in Higher Education (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
The paper documents access work in educational settings: students combine captions with other strategies, and one participant describes leaving a discussion class when overlapping speech makes it inaccessible (Concurrent access strategies; §4.1.1). Section 5.2 also describes frustration with repeatedly teaching hearing people accessible communication practices. These passages support cognitive and emotional effort, but the paper does not establish the broader claim that being a student itself entails administrative access work. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUser studies can identify additional issues with ASR, such as the readability of ASR-generated text or the impact of latency in interactive conversations.
“User studies can identify additional issues with ASR, such as the readability of ASR-generated text [Butler 2019] or the impact of latency in interactive conversations [McDonnell et al. 2021].”
From Measuring the Accuracy of Automatic Speech Recognition Solutions (2023) · cites this paper as McDonnell et al. 2021
The micro-interventions center values and approaches that are missing in practice: access intimacy, an emphasis on research-based methods for accessible teaching, new ways of experimenting with remote access and multimodality, spoon theory, activating new connections and knowledge sharing across siloed units, and anti-stigma literacy.
“The micro-interventions center values and approaches that are missing in practice: access intimacy [56], an emphasis on research-based methods for accessible teaching, new ways of experimenting with remote access and multimodality, spoon theory, activating new connections and knowledge sharing across siloed units, and anti-stigma literacy.”
From Neurodiversity and the Accessible University: Exploring Organizational Barriers, Access Labor and Opportunities for Change (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
The citation is attached specifically to “access intimacy.” The paper’s References list Mingus’s *Access Intimacy, Interdependence and Disability Justice*, but the passages reviewed do not discuss access intimacy as an approach; Section 2.3 discusses related ideas of interdependence and relational access instead. Searching our copy for “access intimacy” found no discussion beyond the reference title. (LLM, conf=0.68)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019) · Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health · doi:10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806 · Cited by 19,677 · see citing works
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012) · APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. · doi:10.1037/13620-004 · Cited by 10,299 · see citing works
Technology probes: inspiring design for and with families
Hutchinson, H., Mackay, W., Westerlund, B., Bederson, B. B., Druin, A., Plaisant, C., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., Conversy, S., Evans, H., Hansen, H., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/642611.642616 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Local Standards for Sample Size at CHI
Caine, K. (2016) · Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858498 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
A comparison of sign language and spoken language
Bellugi, U., & Fischer, S. D. (1972) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(72)90018-2 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design
Bennett, C. L., Brady, E., & Branham, S. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3234695.3236348 · Cited by 407 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This reframing opens up possibilities for captioning technology designed to support group interdependence [4] by acknowledging that captions cannot work unless people are willing to work with them.”
BackgroundDisability studies as a source of critical inquiry for the field of assistive technology
Mankoff, J., Hayes, G. R., & Kasnitz, D. (2010) · Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility · doi:10.1145/1878803.1878807 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Audism: Exploring the Metaphysics of Oppression
Bauman, H.-D. L. (2004) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enh025 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Ethnicity, Ethics, and the Deaf-World
Lane, H. (2005) · Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/eni030 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
How Many People Use ASL in the United States? Why Estimates Need Updating
Mitchell, R. E., Young, T. A., Bachleda, B., & Karchmer, M. A. (2006) · Sign Language Studies · doi:10.1353/sls.2006.0019 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Comparing Speech and Keyboard Text Entry for Short Messages in Two Languages on Touchscreen Phones
Ruan, S., Wobbrock, J. O., Liou, K., Ng, A. Y., & Landay, J. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3161187 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Comparing Speech Recognition Systems (Microsoft API, Google API And CMU Sphinx)
Këpuska, V. (2017) · International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications · doi:10.9790/9622-0703022024 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
The design and evaluation of prototype eco-feedback displays for fixture-level water usage data
Froehlich, J., Findlater, L., Ostergren, M., Ramanathan, S., Peterson, J., Wragg, I., Larson, E., Fu, F., Bai, M., Patel, S., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2208397 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationSpeaking rates of American and New Zealand varieties of English
Robb, M. P., Maclagan, M., & Chen, Y. (2004) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/0269920031000105336 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Head-Mounted Display Visualizations to Support Sound Awareness for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Jain, D., Findlater, L., Gilkeson, J., Holland, B., Duraiswami, R., Zotkin, D., Vogler, C., & Froehlich, J. E. (2015) · Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702393 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationPeng, Y.-H., Hsi, M.-W., Taele, P., Lin, T., Lai, P.-E., Hsu, L., Chen, T.-C., Wu, T.-Y., Chen, Y.-A., Tang, H.-H., et al. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173867 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hong, R., Wang, M., Xu, M., Yan, S., & Chua, T. (2010) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/1873951.1874013 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Viewer Reaction to Different Television Captioning Speeds
Jensema, C. J. (1998) · American annals of the deaf · doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0073 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Speech recognition in university classrooms
Bain, K., Basson, S. H., & Wald, M. (2002) · doi:10.1145/638249.638284 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Accessibility Evaluation of Classroom Captions
Kushalnagar, R., Lasecki, W. S., & Bigham, J. P. (2014) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/2543578 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving Real-Time Captioning Experiences for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
Kawas, S., Karalis, G., Wen, T., & Ladner, R. E. (2016) · Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/2982142.2982164 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cavender, A. C., Bigham, J. P., & Ladner, R. E. (2009) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/1639642.1639656 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Towards Accessible Conversations in a Mobile Context for People who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Jain, D., Franz, R. L., Findlater, L., Cannon, J., Kushalnagar, R., & Froehlich, J. E. (2018) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3234695.3236362 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Politics of Disability Performativity
Kasnitz, D. (2019) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/705782 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Accessibility in Action: Co-Located Collaboration among Deaf and Hearing Professionals
Wang, E. Q., & Piper, A. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274449 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Teleconference Accessibility and Guidelines for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Users
Kushalnagar, R., & Vogler, C. (2020) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3373625.3417299 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationBerke, L., Caulfield, C., & Huenerfauth, M. (2017) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3132525.3132541 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
DeafSpace and the principles of universal design
Edwards, C., & Harold, G. (2014) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.913710 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Α Benchmarking of IBM, Google and Wit Automatic Speech Recognition Systems
Filippidou, F., & Moussiades, L. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49161-1_7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wald, M. (2005) · 2022 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie.2005.1612286 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Berke, L., Albusays, K., Seita, M., & Huenerfauth, M. (2019) · Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290607.3312921 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, use 2 lines and common fonts [6]), their non-interactive nature does not allow for understanding how captions influence small-group social dynamics.”
BackgroundSay It All: Feedback for Improving Non-Visual Presentation Accessibility
Peng, Y.-H., Jang, J., Bigham, J. P., & Pavel, A. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445572 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Enhancing learning accessibility through fully automatic captioning
Federico, M., & Furini, M. (2012) · International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A) · doi:10.1145/2207016.2207053 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Berke, L., Kafle, S., & Huenerfauth, M. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173665 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Evaluating Alternatives for Better Deaf Accessibility to Selected Web-Based Multimedia
Shiver, B., & Wolfe, R. J. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2700648.2809857 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Helping students keep up with real-time captions by pausing and highlighting
Lasecki, W. S., Kushalnagar, R., & Bigham, J. P. (2014) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/2596695.2596701 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationThe personal is political inThe Deaf Mute Howls: deaf epistemology seeks disability justice
Robinson, O. E., & Henner, J. (2017) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1313723 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Evaluating Smartwatch-based Sound Feedback for Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Users Across Contexts
Goodman, S. M., Kirchner, S., Guttman, R., Jain, D., Froehlich, J. E., & Findlater, L. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376406 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationTracked Speech-To-Text Display
Kushalnagar, R., Behm, G. W., Kelstone, A. W., & Ali, S. (2015) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2700648.2809843 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationTsilfidis, A., Mporas, I., Mourjopoulos, J., & Fakotakis, N. (2012) · Computer Speech & Language · doi:10.1016/j.csl.2012.07.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A readability evaluation of real-time crowd captions in the classroom
Kushalnagar, R., Lasecki, W. S., & Bigham, J. P. (2012) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2384916.2384930 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSeita, M., Albusays, K., Kafle, S., Stinson, M., & Huenerfauth, M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 20th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3234695.3236355 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Butler, J., Trager, B., & Behm, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3308561.3353772 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Adaptive Subtitles: Preferences and Trade-Offs in Real-Time Media Adaption
Gorman, B. M., Crabb, M., & Armstrong, M. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445509 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Elliot, L. B., Stinson, M., Mallory, J., Easton, D., & Huenerfauth, M. (2016) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2982142.2982198 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Understanding the Role of Thermography in Energy Auditing
Mauriello, M. L., Norooz, L., & Froehlich, J. E. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702528 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline quality control for real-time crowd captioning
Lasecki, W. S., & Bigham, J. P. (2012) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2384916.2384942 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Glasser, A. T., Kushalnagar, K. R., & Kushalnagar, R. S. (2017) · Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3132525.3134819 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationSeita, M., Andrew, S., & Huenerfauth, M. (2021) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3430263.3452430 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Crowd caption correction (CCC)
Harrington, R. P., & Vanderheiden, G. C. (2013) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2513383.2513413 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mallory, J. R., Stinson, M., Elliot, L. B., & Easton, D. (2017) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3132525.3134779 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Seita, M., & Huenerfauth, M. (2020) · Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3383083 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Elliot, L. B., Stinson, M., Ahmed, S. N., & Easton, D. (2017) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3132525.3134798 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Semi-transparent video interfaces to assist deaf persons in meetings
Miller, D., Gyllstrom, K., Stotts, D., & Culp, J. (2007) · ACM Southeast Regional Conference (ACMSE) · doi:10.1145/1233341.1233431 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Leveraging Pauses to Improve Video Captions
Gower, M., Shiver, B., Pandhi, C., & Trewin, S. M. (2018) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3234695.3241023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Piquard-Kipffer, A., Mella, O., Miranda, J., Jouvet, D., & Orosanu, L. (2015) · Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies · doi:10.18653/v1/w15-5107 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Displaying confidence from imperfect automatic speech recognition for captioning
Berke, L. (2017) · ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing · doi:10.1145/3051519.3051522 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Brandão, A., Nicolau, H., Tadas, S., & Hanson, V. L. (2016) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/2982142.2982177 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Inclusion of deaf students in computer science classes using real-time speech transcription
Kheir, R., & Way, T. (2007) · ACM SIGCSE Bulletin · doi:10.1145/1269900.1268860 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mack, K., McDonnell, E., Jain, D., Lu Wang, L., E. Froehlich, J., & Findlater, L. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445412 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cynthia L. Bennett, Erin Brady, and Stacy M. Branham. 2018. Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design. In Proceedings of the 20th I nternational ACM SIGACCESS PACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 5, No. CSCW2, Article 434, Publication date: October 2021.
- Raja Kushalnagar and Poorna Kushalnagar. 2014. Collaborative Gaze Cues and Replay for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. In Computers Helping People with Special Needs (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 415-422. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08599-9_63 · DOI
- National Court Reporters Association. 2014. Captioning around the world. The Journal of Court Reporting. Retrieved September 16, 2020 from https://www.thejcr.com/2014/06/30/captioning- around-the-world/
- Máté Ákos Tündik, György Szaszák, G. Gosztolya, and A. Beke. 2018. User-centric Evaluation of Automatic Punctuation in ASR Closed Captioning. In INTERSPEECH. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2018-1352 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Working at the Intersection of Race, Disability and Accessibility
Harrington, C. N., Desai, A., Lewis, A., Moharana, S., Ross, A. S., & Mankoff, J. (2023) · The 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608389 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Seita, M., Lee, S., Andrew, S., Shinohara, K., & Huenerfauth, M. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501843 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Borsotti, V., Begel, A., & Bjørn, P. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3641011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Alharbi, R., Tang, J., & Henderson, K. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581541 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Measuring the Accuracy of Automatic Speech Recognition Solutions
Kuhn, K., Kersken, V., Reuter, B., Egger, N., & Zimmermann, G. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing · doi:10.1145/3636513 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Human involvement, e.g. by correcting or monitoring ASR [McDonnell et al. 2021; Seita et al. 2022], can potentially increase the acceptability of ASR independent of its actual accuracy.”
Background“In this online environment, we're limited”:
Ang, J. R. X., Liu, P., McDonnell, E. J., & Coppola, S. M. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517488 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationPataca, C. D. L., Watkins, M., Peiris, R. L., Lee, S., & Huenerfauth, M. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581511 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Li, Z., Chelladurai, P. K., Dannels, W. A., Oh, T. T., & Peiris, R. L. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581076 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pataca, C. D. L., Hassan, S., Tinker, N., Peiris, R. L., & Huenerfauth, M. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642258 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
McDonnell, E. J., Moon, S. H., Jiang, L., Goodman, S. M., Kushalnagar, R., Froehlich, J. E., & Findlater, L. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580809 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, X., Chang, X., Chen, N., Ni, Y. (., LC, R., & Tong, X. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581286 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kim, Y. S., Im, H., Lee, S., Cho, H., & Lee, S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581151 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hidden Bawls, Whispers, and Yelps: Can Text Convey the Sound of Speech, Beyond Words?
Pataca, C. D. L., & Costa, P. D. P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2022.3174721 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chen, S., Waller, J., Seita, M., Vogler, C., Kushalnagar, R., & Wang, Q. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642017 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAccessible Communication and Materials in Higher Education
Mack, K. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3550408 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cha, Y., Figueira, I., Ayala, J., Edwards, E. J., Garcia, J., van der Hoek, A., & Branham, S. M. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642130 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Toward Language Justice: Exploring Multilingual Captioning for Accessibility
Desai, A., Alharbi, R., Hsueh, S., Ladner, R. E., & Mankoff, J. C. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713622 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sparkling Silence: Practices and Challenges of Livestreaming Among Deaf or Hard of Hearing Streamers
Cao, B., He, C., Zhou, M., & Fan, M. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581053 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McDonnell, E. J., & Findlater, L. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3675649 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationHuffman, S., Chen, S., Mack, K. A., Su, H., Wang, Q., & Kushalnagar, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719785 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationDas, M., Stangl, A., & Findlater, L. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3641018 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling Accessibility: Characterizing What We Mean by “Accessible”
Mack, K., Martinez, J. J., Lewis, A., Mankoff, J. C., Fogarty, J. A., Findlater, L., Evans, H., Bennett, C. L., & McDonnell, E. J. (2025) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663547.3746344 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding and Enhancing The Role of Speechreading in Online d/DHH Communication Accessibility
Desai, A., Mankoff, J. C., & Ladner, R. E. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580810 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Burnout by Design: How Digital Systems Overburden Neurodivergent Students in Higher Education
Tcherdakoff, N. A., Marshall, P., Dowthwaite, A., Bird, J., & Cox, A. L. (2025) · Proceedings of the 4th Annual Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction for Work · doi:10.1145/3729176.3729193 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Inclusive design benefits multiple groups: good captions help neurodivergent and deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) users, while poor captions risk miscommunication (‘Craptions’ [12]) and create additional access work [53].”
InfluentialVRCaptions: Design Captions for DHH Users in Multiplayer Communication in VR
Xie, T., Zhang, X., Huang, F., Liu, D., An, P., & Je, S. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714186 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring Think-aloud Method with Deaf and Hard of Hearing College Students
Chen, S., Kirst, D., Wang, Q., & Huang, Y. (2023) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3595980 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Preferences for Captioning on Emulated Head Worn Displays While in Group Conversation
Britain, G., Martin, D. W., Kwok, T., Sumilong, A., & Starner, T. E. (2022) · ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC) · doi:10.1145/3544794.3558468 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
McDonnell, E. J. (2022) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3517428.3550417 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Connected Life: Using Access Technology at Home, at School and in the Community
Millett, P. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13080761 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jod: Examining Design and Implementation of a Videoconferencing Platform for Mixed Hearing Groups
Mittal, A., Gupta, M., Poddar, R., Naik, T., Kuppuraj, S., Fogarty, J. A., Kumar, P., & Jain, M. (2023) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3597638.3608382 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Why is Accessibility So Hard? Insights From the History of Privacy
Tang, X. (2024) · Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing · doi:10.1145/3678884.3681876 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cao, B., He, C., Zhang, J., Huang, Y., Zhou, M., & Fan, M. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3711048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ubur, S. D., Etori, N. A., Ghasemi, S., King, K., Gračanin, D., & Gini, M. L. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60881-0_24 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kuhn, K., Kersken, V., & Zimmermann, G. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3719984 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
"It's Not an Issue of Malice, but of Ignorance"
Davis, J. U., Wang, H., Chilana, P. K., & Yang, X.-D. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3610901 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kuhn, K., Reuter, B., Egger, N., & Zimmermann, G. (2024) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3663548.3688495 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pfaff, M. S., Roundtree, K. A., Alfaro, A. U., & Ybarra, V. T. (2025) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-025-01192-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kuhn, K., Kersken, V., & Zimmermann, G. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Perceptions and Preferences: Deaf ASL-Signing Users' Insights on Video Elements, Styles and Layouts
Alkhudaidi, K., Burke, T., Boll, R., Mahajan, S., Solovey, E., & Reis, J. E. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3714296 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Going Beyond the I With CI: an Interview-based Design Space
Libbi, C. A., van Delden, R. W., Stronks, H. C., Frijns, J. H. M., & Rieffe, C. J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791201 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sartinah, E. P., Wahyuni, E. N., & Budiati, E. F. R. (2023) · Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan · doi:10.29210/198700 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McDonnell, E. J. (2023) · ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing · doi:10.1145/3584732.3584735 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationStinson, M., L Carpenter, R., & Easton, D. (2025) · Proceedings of the 27th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility · doi:10.1145/3663547.3759694
Future So Bright, Gotta Wear Shades: Lens Tint May Affect Social Perception of Head-Worn Displays
Vempala, S., Mushyakov, J., Varadharajan, S. T., & Starner, T. E. (2024) · Augmented Humans International Conference (AHs) · doi:10.1145/3652920.3652948
Ransomware Detection by Machine Learning
Razak, K. (2025) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2025.73669
Seita, M., Andrew, S., & Huenerfauth, M. (2025) · International Web for All Conference (W4A) · doi:10.1145/3744257.3744273
Bhuiyan, M. A. R., Dipu, N. M., Rahman, T., Sarker, O. A., Turzo, S. C., & Noor, J. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791810
Like, Comment & Caption: A Decade of Social Media Video Caption Research (2015–2025)
Nguyen, H., McDonnell, E. J., May, L., Druzenko, A., Syeda, Z. S., Cartwright, M., & Lee, S. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791868
Self-citationRedesigning Educational Videos for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners
Chen, S., Cheng, H., Su, S., Ming, L., Masud, S., Wang, Q., & Huang, Y. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791470
Wang, S., Chamikara, M. A. P., Chhetri, M. B., Xing, Z., & Ko, R. K. L. (2026) · ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) · doi:10.1145/3779208.3807495
Tran, M., Tang, X., Hutchinson, A., Aviv, A. J., & Zou, Y. (2026) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp63933.2026.00027
Ko, T., & Lee, K. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3817018
Shaheen, A., Alzyadat, W., & Alhroob, A. (2026) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v20i18.62706
Angelini, R., Meulder, M. D., Tran, N., & Spiel, K. (2026) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/3797867.3828999
- Authors
- McDonnell, E. J., Liu, P., Goodman, S. M., Kushalnagar, R., Froehlich, J. E., & Findlater, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Gallaudet University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
- Published
- 2021-10-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- CSCW2
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 2573-0142 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3201382849
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 31.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (DGE-1762114)
- National Science Foundation (IIS-1763199)
- University of Washington CREATE
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Subtitles and Audiovisual Media
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Assistive Technology in Communication and Mobility
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- real-time captioning, small group conversation, deaf and hard of hearing, accessibility, remote communication, social interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
