Interdependence as a Frame for Assistive Technology Research and Design

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many recent studies within the AT field have already been aligning with the tenets of interdependence.

“We show that many recent studies within the AT field have already been aligning with these tenets”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jasmine assisted Emily by recalling the direction of the door after Emily's command to find it.

“from Jasmine who recalled the direction of the door after Emily's command to find it”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Emily has undergone extensive training and years working with her guide dog.

“Additionally, Emily has undergone extensive training and years working with her guide dog”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bruce reported to Abby as her reader for half of his daily duties.

“Bruce reported to Abby as her reader for half of his daily duties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Through conversation, William, Emily, and Jasmine asked each other for help, shared access information, and checked on one another's understanding of their progress.

“Through conversation, they asked each other for help, share access information, and check on one another's understanding of their progress.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their interdependence did not come immediately or outside other relationships.

“But their interdependence did not come immediately or outside other relationships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It took Abby a long time to feel comfortable enough with Crissy to inquire about her appearance after eating.

“It took Abby a long time to feel comfortable enough with Crissy to inquire about her appearance after eating.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

William assisted Emily by opening the door.

“and again from William who opened the door”

May combine two claims.

Abby and Crissy were not just assisting one another; they operated in more complex relations with other colleagues who offered different complementary strengths.

“Abby and Crissy were not just assisting one another; they operated in more complex relations with other colleagues who offered different complementary strengths:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This team was one small part of a much larger organization in which people with disabilities were a minority.

“This team was one small part of a much larger organization in which people with disabilities were a minority.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Emily established that she would locate the door.

“Specifically, Emily established that she would locate the door”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Warren could smell perfumes and slightly make out display counters.

“Warren could smell perfumes and slightly make out display counters”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second case comes from a professional workplace in the public sector.

“The second case comes from a professional workplace in the public sector.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

William and Emily are both visually impaired.

“The couple, William and Emily, are both visually impaired.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The team's mission was to oversee disbursement of grant funding to address workplace accommodations and accessibility initiatives for state and local governments.

“First, the team's mission was to oversee disbursement of grant funding to address workplace accommodations and accessibility initiatives for state and local governments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Crissy had more seniority and responsibility than Bruce.

“Crissy had more seniority and responsibility than Bruce”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Crissy described visual information while Abby pushed Crissy's wheelchair and grasped out-of-reach items.

“Crissy described visual information while Abby pushed Crissy's wheelchair and grasped out-of-reach items.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abby delegated work that both she and Crissy could technically do, but not as efficiently or accurately as Bruce.

“Abby delegated work that both she and Crissy could technically do, but not as efficiently or accurately as Bruce.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their navigation aids helped them to avoid obstacles.

“and their navigation aids helped them to avoid obstacles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

William assisted Emily by grounding their location after smelling and visually recognizing perfume counters.

“she was assisted by William who grounded their location after smelling and visually recognizing perfume counters”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the context of the organization, Abby was most senior.

“In the context of the organization, Abby was most senior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The three members who worked most closely with one another represented a wide spectrum of ability: one was blind (Abby) and accompanied by a guide dog (Ali), another was hard of hearing (Bruce) and used hearing aids, and another was a wheelchair user (Crissy).

“The three members who worked most closely with one another represented a wide spectrum of ability: one was blind (Abby) and accompanied by a guide dog (Ali), another was hard of hearing (Bruce) and used hearing aids, and another was a wheelchair user (Crissy).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Analyzing how William and Emily communicated through an interdependence lens revealed rich insights from even a short transcript.

“But analyzing how William and Emily communicated through an interdependence lens revealed rich insights from even a short transcript.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Every member of the team identified as having a disability.

“Second, every member of the team identified as having a disability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Emily has no sight and navigates with her guide dog, Jasmine.

“Emily has no sight and she navigates with her guide dog, Jasmine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Abby acknowledged that their interdependence with visible disabilities is an uncommon sight, inviting attention from passersby who question their suitability to work together.

“Though the pair embraced”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Crissy was a slightly more junior mentee of Abby.

“but was a slightly more junior mentee of Abby.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

We witnessed their multiple relationships with one another and their environment working in concert toward helping them to find the door, and how they leveraged orientation and navigation strategies unsupported by the store's cues assuming customers would have full vision.

“We witnessed their multiple relationships with one another and their environment working in concert toward helping them to find the door, and how they leveraged orientation and navigation strategies unsupported by the store's cues assuming customers would have full vision.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

She felt a security in both her career and her disability that allowed her to lean into interdependent relationships to achieve access.

“But, she felt a security in both her career and her disability that allowed her to lean into interdependent relationships to achieve access.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abby was aware that when she was less comfortable with her own strengths and weaknesses, she would have felt it a 'cop out' to delegate.

“Abby was aware that when she was less comfortable with her own strengths and weaknesses, she would have felt it a”

May combine two claims.

Both William and Emily are visually impaired.

“One unique aspect of this case when considered alongside research on guidance is that both William and Emily are visually impaired.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

William, Emily, and Jasmine related to things around them and their memories to find the door.

“Additionally, they related to things around them and their memories to find the door.”

May combine two claims.

In this case, there is evidence of access intimacy where Emily and William and Emily and Jasmine work well together.

“In this case, we see evidence of access intimacy where Emily and William and Emily and Jasmine work well together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Crissy and Abby developed a relationship in which they are familiar with each other's abilities and find ways to work together that play to their strengths.

“Crissy and Abby developed a relationship in which they are familiar with each other's abilities and find ways to work together that play to their strengths.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Work in the office was often collaboratively shared according to the strengths of each team member and negotiated to bring activities in alignment with interests of the collective.

“Work in the office was often collaboratively shared according to the strengths of each team member and negotiated to bring activities in alignment with interests of the collective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

William has a full field of very little sight and navigates with a white cane.

“William has a full field of very little sight and he navigates with a white cane.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Emily and Jasmine have developed attunement such that Emily could give Jasmine commands mid conversation with William.

“and as partners, the two have developed attunement such that Emily could give Jasmine commands mid conversation with William.”

May combine two claims.

Rather than striving for a march experience that directly replicated the physical march, these organizers identified the critical roles of asynchrony and multimedia in communicating around accessibility and embedded these values into their platform.

“Rather than striving for a march experience that directly replicated the physical march, these organizers identified the critical roles of asynchrony and multimedia in communicating around accessibility and embedded these values into their platform.”

May combine two claims.

Abby did not rank herself with Bruce according to their abilities; she considered such a metric irrelevant when they could do something together.

“We find here that Abby did not rank herself with Bruce according to their abilities; in fact, she considered such a metric irrelevant when they could do something together.”

May combine two claims.

Frustrated by the inaccessibility of marching and hoping to ensure representation of women with disabilities in the movement, a group of mostly-female advocacy writers conceptualized and ran a Disability March.

“Frustrated by the inaccessibility of “marching” and hoping to ensure representation of women with disabilities in the movement, a group of mostly-female advocacy writers (who were already connected online around their shared health conditions) conceptualized and ran a “Disability March.””

May combine two claims.

Participants made clear that accessibility was achieved together, with each other, and without one partner controlling the other.

“Participants made clear that accessibility was achieved “together,” “with” each other, and without one partner controlling the other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The two core organizers we spoke with identified as female and queer, respectively.

“All of the work of the Disability March was conceived, organized, and executed by people with disabilities, and the two core organizers we spoke with identified as female and queer, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Disability March was created to reach a wide audience of observers, consisting of both people with and without disabilities.

“The Disability March was created to reach a wide audience of observers, consisting of both people with and without disabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Our inquiry also surfaced contemporary scholarship and activism that offers a complementary frame, interdependence.

“Our inquiry also surfaced contemporary scholarship and activism that offers a complementary frame, interdependence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Participants attended the Disability March to join in the communal expression of outrage that participation in the Women's March signified, and to support the marchers attending the event in person.

“Participants attended the Disability March to join in the communal expression of outrage that participation in the Women's March signified, and to support the marchers attending the event in person.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants often invited other people with disabilities from their own networks to join the Disability March, broadening the reach of their own stories and building the collective.

“Often, they invited other people with disabilities from their own networks to join the Disability March, broadening the reach of their own stories and building the collective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Abby was forthcoming that her seniority increased her comfort to ask for and accept help from colleagues.

“Abby was forthcoming that her seniority increased her comfort to ask for and accept help from colleagues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Disability March was initiated by members of an existing collective of writers with chronic illness.

“The Disability March was initiated by members of an existing collective of writers with chronic illness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The three coworkers reported to supervisors in a traditional managerial hierarchy.

“The three coworkers reported to supervisors in a traditional managerial hierarchy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People with disabilities contributed their stories, sharing their unique lived experience with people without disabilities who might not have access to their expertise otherwise.

“People with disabilities contributed their stories, sharing their unique lived experience with people without disabilities who might not have access to their expertise otherwise.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many organizers began as participants, but were drawn into more formal roles in which they could support the organization through the skills they brought with them.

“Many organizers began as participants, but were drawn into more formal roles in which they could support the organization through the skills they brought with them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Our inquiry demonstrates the important role independence has played in orienting toward disability, specifically for advancing disabled peoples' claim to basic human rights.

“Our inquiry demonstrates the important role independence has played in orienting toward disability, specifically for advancing disabled peoples' claim to basic human rights.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This process required a large amount of invisible work and coordination among organizers, which may not have been recognized by most Women's March participants.

“However, this process required a large amount of invisible work and coordination among organizers, which may not have been recognized by most Women's March participants.”

May combine two claims.

William and Emily's access needs changed as they traversed the store, but their experiences relating with one another kept the navigation from presenting significant barriers.

“William and Emily's access needs changed as they traversed the store (Case 1), but their experiences relating with one another kept the navigation from presenting significant barriers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model.

“Oliver contrasted the social model with the individual model”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Interdependence emphasizes collaborative access and people with disabilities' important and often understated contribution in these efforts.

“Interdependence emphasizes collaborative access and people with disabilities' important and often understated contribution in these efforts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The individual model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured.

“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Access is not only a solution to a disability-related barrier; it is a way of being together and helping one another.

“In these studies, access is not only a solution to a disability-related barrier; it is a way of being together and helping one another.”

May combine two claims.

Disabled activists and scholars from Disability Studies and Rehabilitation Medicine have begun to interrogate the meaning of independence, identify its potential negative impacts, and offer complementary framings.

“Disabled activists and scholars from disciplines spanning Disability Studies and Rehabilitation Medicine have begun to interrogate the meaning of independence, identify its potential negative impacts, and offer complementary framings [12,17,21,22,25,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,58].”

• cites [12,17,21,22,25,32,[35][36][37][38]40,41,58]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Assistive devices can portray users as vulnerable or incapable, leading to awkward social interactions and minimal use even when the technology enables autonomy.

“Specifically, assistive devices can portray users as vulnerable or incapable, leading to awkward social interactions and minimal use even when the technology enables autonomy [7,30,43,48,49,54,64].”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [43]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [54]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [64]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The social model of disability was first articulated by disability rights activists and later introduced to Disability Studies by Mike Oliver to better represent views of people with disabilities.

“This model was first articulated by disability rights activists, and later introduced to the field of Disability Studies by Mike Oliver [42] to better represent views of people with disabilities.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

People with disabilities work together with others to improve access at work, during team sports, in face-to-face communication, and when using educational materials.

“At the same time, AT researchers have documented people with disabilities working together with others to improve access at work [7,8], during team sports [11], in face-to-face communication [13], and when using educational materials [55].”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [11]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The individual model asserts that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.

“This model asserts that disability is a dysfunction of the body that should be cured, and that it is an individual's responsibility to adapt to an inaccessible world.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Researchers and practitioners tacitly agree that all accessible computing approaches share a common goal of improving independence, access, and quality of life for people with disabilities.

“Even when the goal is not explicitly stated, researchers and practitioners tacitly agree that “all accessible computing approaches share a common goal of improving independence, access, and quality of life for people with disabilities” [60].”

• cites [60]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can.

“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Disability Justice Collective is led predominantly by LGBTQ people of color.

“Led predominantly by LGBTQ people of color”

• cites [25,[35][36][37]50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Disability justice activist Mia Mingus argues that independence is a myth.

“Disability justice activist Mia Mingus argues that independence is a myth.”

• cites [35]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All people can and should make choices about their lives.

“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Oliver's social model locates disability within society.

“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Part of the Disability Justice Collective's work is to help disabled community members find trustworthy access partners.

“Part of the collective's work is to help disabled community members find trustworthy access partners.”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Oliver's social model asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.

“In contrast, Oliver's social model locates disability within society, and asserts that quality of life for disabled people can be increased by removing physical and social barriers, improving attitudes, and anticipating the presence of people with disabilities in design and planning.”

• cites [42]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Disability Justice Collective's disability justice primer suggests sharing routes home to stay safe, dividing access-related tasks according to group members' strengths, and being flexible to dynamic access needs such as offering remote attendance.

“their disability justice primer suggests sharing routes home to stay safe, dividing access-related tasks according to group members' strengths, and being flexible to dynamic access needs such as offering remote attendance [50].”

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Some Disability Studies scholars and activists critique the Independent Living Movement's focus on independence as the main goal of accessibility.

“While acknowledging the importance of the Independent Living Movement, some Disability Studies scholars and activists critique its focus on independence as the main goal of accessibility [25,50].”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Modern activist groups, like The Disability Justice Collective in the San Francisco Bay Area, use the term 'interdependence' to represent ways they need one another.

“Modern activist groups, like The Disability Justice Collective in the San Francisco Bay Area, use the term”

• cites [25,[35][36][37]50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

All people have equal worth.

“The Independent Living Movement declared that all people have equal worth, all people can and should make choices about their lives, and people with disabilities have the right to participate in public to the degree that nondisabled people can [2].”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Independent Living Movement transformed how disability was interpreted and supported outside communities of disabled people and led to significant legal advances and protections for people with disabilities.

“The movement transformed how disability was interpreted and supported outside communities of disabled people [2,14] and led to significant legal advances and protections for people with disabilities.”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Historically, people with disabilities have often been isolated from society, either living at home under the care of family or living in institutions in the care of the state, where 'care' often involved egregious human rights violations.

“Historically, people with disabilities have often been isolated from society, either living at home under the care of family or living in institutions in the care of the state--where”

• cites [20]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Disability is not located within the blind person or the presentation slides, but in the blind person's relationships to other people, objects, and customs.

“In other words, disability is not located within the blind person or the presentation slides, but in the blind person's relationships to other people, objects, and customs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Emphasizing self-sufficiency can do harm to all people, disproportionately impacting people with disabilities.

“Some go further to argue that emphasizing selfsufficiency can do harm to all people, disproportionately impacting people with disabilities [12].”

• cites [12]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The concept of interdependence has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.

“While the term interdependence has not been used in AT literature, the concept has long been discussed in Disability Studies and disability justice circles.”

• cites [57]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Close relationship development in the process of providing interdependent access has been called access intimacy by disabled activist Mia Mingus.

“This type of close relationship development in the process of providing interdependent access has been called access intimacy by disabled activist Mia Mingus [37].”

• cites [37]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In the context of the Independent Living Movement, 'independence' did not mean that a disabled person should do things autonomously, but that supports and structures should be in place so people with disabilities can make their own choices about their futures.

“In the context of this movement,”

• cites [67]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [46]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the very first issue of the Disability Studies Reader, published in 1997, Susan Wendell argued that a culture based in 'interdependence' as opposed to 'self-reliance' would improve quality of life for disabled people.

“For example, in the very first issue of the Disability Studies Reader, published in 1997, Feminist Disability Studies scholar Susan Wendell argued that a culture based in”

• cites [57]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The first CIL taught each other strategies for advocating access and living on their own, removed structural barriers around campus, ran a wheelchair repair shop, and built a network of trusted attendant care providers that disabled students could hire.

“They taught each other strategies for advocating access and living on their own, removed structural barriers around campus, ran a wheelchair repair shop, and built a network of trusted attendant care providers that disabled students could hire [47].”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Assistance and relationship maintenance were intertwined: while nondisabled partners were happy to help their partners with disabilities, both parties sometimes found acts of assisting interfered with other important factors in their relationship.

“Assistance and relationship maintenance were intertwined-while nondisabled partners were happy to help their partners with disabilities, both parties sometimes found acts of assisting interfered with other important factors in their relationship.”

• cites [8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interdependence makes available the possibility that there might be simultaneous relations impacting a particular moment.

“Identifying relevant relations will provide insight into interactions, but interdependence also makes available the possibility that there might be simultaneous relations impacting a particular moment.”

May combine two claims.

Important relations identified through an interdependence framing include not only relations between people and assistive technologies, but also relations between people in situations where assistive technologies are not used.

“The important relations that can be identified through an interdependence framing do not just include relations between people and assistive technologies, but also those between people in situations where assistive technologies are not used.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Collective access means that some people provide access support while receiving it, and multiple types of access support are provided during one event.

“This means that some people provide access support while receiving it, and multiple types of access support are provided during one event.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Traditionally, society has viewed people with disabilities as being worth less than their nondisabled counterparts, so their actions and contributions are often ranked lower in a hierarchy of importance.

“Traditionally, society has viewed people with disabilities as being worth less than their nondisabled counterparts [15], so their actions and contributions are often ranked lower in a hierarchy of importance.”

• cites [15]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sighted employees pervasively misunderstood access needs, and office spaces and cultures still proved inaccessible.

“Sighted employees pervasively misunderstood access needs, and office spaces and cultures still proved inaccessible.”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

An interdependence frame draws out the often-underwritten contributions of people with disabilities.

“draws out the often-underwritten contributions of people with disabilities”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gendered histories of power make Christine Kelly feel vulnerable and out of place when she takes Killian into men's restrooms.

“Yet, gendered histories of power make Kelly feel vulnerable and out of place when she takes Killian into men's restrooms.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Christine Kelly and Killian's partnership brings out Killian as not a passive recipient of care, but equal and active in cultivating friendship.

“Their partnership brings out Killian as not a passive recipient of care, but equal and active in cultivating friendship.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rehabilitation medicine scholars recommended that vocational rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities teach interdependence alongside independence.

“Rehabilitation medicine scholars [58] recommended that vocational rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities teach interdependence alongside independence.”

• cites [58]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Disability is not a static entity but is produced through interactions, as events, actions, and encounters.

“In articulating the political/relational model, Alison Kafer describes disability not as a static entity but as”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

This work identified that much navigation research seeks to facilitate sighted styles of navigation for blind travelers, and why this may be challenging or dangerous because of sighted people's misconceptions of blind navigation.

“This work identified ways in which much navigation research seeks to facilitate”

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Disability Studies scholar Christine Kelly described the possibilities and pitfalls of interdependence in her 'frien-tendant' relationship.

“Disability Studies scholar Christine Kelly [22] described the possibilities and pitfalls of interdependence in her”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Interdependence asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.

“Finally, since interdependence considers everyone mutually reliant, it asserts that people with and without disabilities are equal.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: People with and without disabilities are equal.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Kelly explicitly acknowledged the ways in which Killian simultaneously supports her through their relationship, acting with care to identify what she is capable of providing and how it will impact their friendship.

“She explicitly acknowledged the ways in which Killian simultaneously supports her through their relationship, acting with care to identify what she is capable of providing and how it will impact their friendship.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interdependence centers relations between those things that make and define disability and access.

“Similarly, interdependence centers relations between those things that make and define disability and access.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Identifying relevant relations will provide insight into interactions.

“Identifying relevant relations will provide insight into interactions, but interdependence also makes available the possibility that there might be simultaneous relations impacting a particular moment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

An interdependence frame focuses on relations.

“An interdependence frame (1) focuses on relations”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

By attending to simultaneous relations, we can also view how else people are connecting during assistive interactions.

“By attending to simultaneous relations, we can also view how else people are connecting during assistive interactions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Access in this setting includes how people with disabilities operate with technologies, communicate their needs, and manage their AT-mediated interactions in hopes of presenting themselves professionally.

“Access in this setting also includes how people with disabilities operate with technologies, communicate their needs, and manage their AT-mediated interactions in hopes of presenting themselves professionally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

An interdependence frame helps us make sense of multiple forms of assistance happening simultaneously.

“helps us make sense of multiple forms of assistance happening simultaneously”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An interdependence framing allows us to characterize the accessibility of a situation with respect to a broader range of influential factors that lead to them.

“With an interdependence framing, we can characterize the accessibility of a situation with respect to a broader range of influential factors that lead to them.”

May combine two claims.

Relationships between people can pre-date requests for access help, or become more complex through assistive interactions themselves.

“Relationships between people can pre-date requests for access help, or become more complex through assistive interactions themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Science and Technology Studies scholars Moser and Law described how a wheelchair user's travel plans went awry when their train arrived with a broken wheelchair lift.

“Science and Technology Studies scholars Moser and Law [41] described how a wheelchair user's travel plans went awry when their train arrived with a broken wheelchair lift.”

• cites [41]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

An interdependence frame can help disassemble hierarchies that prefer ability.

“can help disassemble hierarchies that prefer ability”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Christine Kelly is sometimes paid to provide care for a man, Killian, who is also a close friend.

“She is sometimes paid to provide care for a man, Killian, who is also a close friend.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in findings.

“In AT research, studying relations can help nuance the individual experiences often reported in our findings.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AT research often reports individual experiences in its findings.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Disabled activists including Nomy Lamm who write about collective access describe it as an ongoing process where everyone supports one another.

“Disabled activists including Nomy Lamm [25] who write about collective access describe it as an ongoing process where everyone supports one another.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Studying how everything and everyone involved in assistance is relating with one another can emerge opportunities for supporting smoother interactions.

“Studying how everything and everyone involved in assistance is relating with one another can emerge opportunities for supporting smoother interactions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Christine Kelly and Killian's companionship has honed an attunement among them, elevating her job responsibilities from completing instrumental tasks to an interdependent mingling of providing care and being together.

“Their companionship has honed an attunement among them, elevating her job responsibilities from completing instrumental tasks to an interdependent mingling of providing care and being together.”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

An interdependence framing can help us more adequately represent everyone's needs and contributions and encourages us to focus more attention on the practices that people with disabilities engage in to cocreate accessibility with their peers.

“An interdependence framing can help us more adequately represent everyone's needs and contributions and encourages us to focus more attention on the practices that people with disabilities engage in to cocreate accessibility with their peers.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Recognizing this helps us to not compare their strategies to those that sighted people might use, but to think about how technology may support strategies that already work for them.

“Recognizing this helps us to not compare their strategies to those that sighted people might use, but to think about how technology may support strategies that already work for them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Taking any aspect of their interaction on its own would leave out important factors that contributed to William and Emily's accomplishment.

“Taking any aspect of their interaction on its own would leave out important factors that contributed to William and Emily's accomplishment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Considering the multiple relationships helps us to understand the assistance as situated and personal to them.

“Considering the multiple relationships helps us to understand the assistance as situated and personal to them.”

May combine two claims.

William, Emily, and Jasmine each scaffolded assistance.

“In this way, William, Emily, and Jasmine each scaffolded assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This foregrounds the important work each did to assist in finding the exit.

“This foregrounds the important work each did to assist in finding the exit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An interdependence framing can help us to contribute research that pushes back on these histories with not only accessible designs but also designs which give attention to and challenge ability-based hierarchies.

“With this in mind, an interdependence framing can help us to contribute research that pushes back on these histories with not only accessible designs but also designs which give attention to and challenge ability-based hierarchies.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Each took information from the other to generate new information.

“Each took information from the other to generate new information”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The scope of study was three members of a team comprising roughly ten colleagues, who work closely with one another in nearby cubicles.

“The scope of study was three members of a team comprising roughly ten colleagues, who work closely with one another in nearby cubicles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In interdependence, people with disabilities are assumed integral to interdependent interactions for bringing valued perspective and skill regardless of whether they are assisting, being assisted, or doing both.

“Instead, they are assumed integral to interdependent interactions for bringing valued perspective and skill regardless of whether they are assisting, being assisted, or doing both.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Relating to one another and the environment made finding the door possible for William, Emily, and Jasmine.

“This scenario shows how relating to one another and the environment made finding the door possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Even when Abby worked with a nondisabled colleague in another unit of the company, an interdependence framing helps us see the contributions made by both parties.

“Even when Abby worked with a nondisabled colleague in another unit of the company, an interdependence framing helps us see the contributions made by both parties:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An interdependence framing classifies the nondominant strategies they used as legitimate information sources to draw from in providing assistance.

“An interdependence framing also classifies the nondominant strategies they used as legitimate information sources to draw from in providing assistance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interdependence seeks to break out of this circular problem by explicitly valuing people, including those with disabilities, from the outset for who they are and irrespective of their abilities or assistive technologies they use.

“Interdependence seeks to break out of this circular problem by explicitly valuing people, including those with disabilities, from the outset for who they are and irrespective of their abilities or assistive technologies they use.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Interdependence considers everyone and everything in an interaction to be mutually reliant.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Trying to understand anyone's relationship in isolation would omit important details of how they left the store.

“trying to understand anyone's relationship in isolation would omit important details of how they left the store.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It was their relations with one another and their environment along with undertaking strategies available that revealed informative nuances of a seemingly unremarkable act of exiting a store.

“Instead, it was their relations with one another and their environment along with undertaking strategies available that revealed informative nuances of a seemingly unremarkable act of exiting a store.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Our research could pinpoint specific ways to support their process.

“Rather, our research could pinpoint specific ways to support their process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is impossible to understand the process of finding the door without considering that William, Emily, and Jasmine were simultaneously relating and providing access.

“Yet it is impossible to understand the process without considering that William, Emily, and Jasmine were simultaneously relating and providing access.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Each of William, Emily, and Jasmine was using the resources available to them to make sense of the environment for everyone.

“Each was using the resources available to them to make sense of the environment for everyone.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making visible the work done by people with disabilities is integral for researchers and participants.

“In the examples above, making visible the work done by people with disabilities is integral for researchers and the participants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Collectively, the three cases exemplify the flexible application of an interdependence frame to interpret how accessibility is made by people, including those with disabilities, in everyday situations.

“Collectively, they exemplify the flexible application of an interdependence frame to interpret how accessibility is made by people, including those with disabilities, in everyday situations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

William, Emily, and Jasmine are in relation with one another and the store to find the exit.

“It is clear from this vignette that William, Emily, and Jasmine are in relation with one another and the store to find the exit.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This conversation provides a momentary snapshot from an entire day of shopping.

“This conversation provides a momentary snapshot from an entire day of shopping.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Applying our interdependence lens, we learn how access occurs through interactions that are not just about getting something done.

“Applying our interdependence lens, we learn how access occurs through interactions that are not just about getting something done.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Disability March demonstrates a great deal of the relational work of interdependence amongst the march's participants, observers, and organizers.

“The Disability March demonstrates a great deal of the relational work of interdependence amongst the march's participants, observers, and organizers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Interdependence emphasizes how myriad people and devices come together to build access, with special attention to acknowledging the work of people with disabilities.

“Interdependence emphasizes how myriad people and devices come together to build access, with special attention to acknowledging the work of people with disabilities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This paper is the first attempt we know of in the Assistive Technology community to articulate the origins and meanings of the term independence as it pertains to people with disabilities.

“This paper is the first attempt we know of in the Assistive Technology community to articulate the origins and meanings of the term independence as it pertains to people with disabilities.”

May combine two claims.

Interdependence was not an abstract frame for researchers to apply to observations; participants lived collaborative accessibility and described it in such terms.

“Moreover, like the disability justice activists, interdependence was not an abstract frame for researchers to apply to observations; participants lived collaborative accessibility and described it in such terms.”

May combine two claims.

An interdependence reading of their collaboration illuminates how their situation both perpetuates and disrupts traditional professional and ability-based hierarchies.

“An interdependence reading of their collaboration, however, illuminates how their situation both perpetuates and disrupts traditional professional and abilitybased hierarchies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An interdependence frame can synthesize recent scholarly contributions from within the AT field, which increasingly emphasize social dimensions of accessibility.

“We propose that an interdependence frame can synthesize recent scholarly contributions from within the AT field, which increasingly emphasize social dimensions of accessibility (e.g., [48,49,54,59,64]).”

• cites [48]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [49]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [54]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [59]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [64]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many Women's March attendees emphasized the importance of their attendance in person.

“In reflection, many Women's March attendees again emphasized the importance of their attendance in person, commenting that “I just felt so empowered being there” or “I felt the need to show up with my body and my voice.”( [33], emphasis added).”

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This mixed audience fosters the mutual reliance that is core to interdependence.

“This mixed audience again fosters the mutual reliance that is core to interdependence.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

By joining the Disability March, individuals both contributed to and were shaped by the larger movement.

“By joining the Disability March, these individuals both contributed to and were shaped by the larger movement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Disability March was a tangible reminder from disabled women that their voices and their representation mattered just as much as the able-bodied women who could attend events in person.

“The Disability March was a tangible reminder from disabled women that their voices and their representation mattered just as much as the able-bodied women who could attend events in person.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Costs associated with this model, along with exciting innovations in AI, have nudged future directions for this work toward minimizing human assistance.

“Costs associated with this model, along with exciting innovations in AI, have nudged future directions for this work toward minimizing human assistance [31,63].”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [63]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This march was likely more successful because of the insights contributed by disabled organizers and helped the original Women's March better recognize the limitations of in-person marching.

“This march was likely more successful because of the insights contributed by disabled organizers and helped the original Women's March better recognize the limitations of in-person marching.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Access is entangled with being and doing together when shopping, working, or even protesting.

“Rather, access is entangled with being and doing together when shopping, working, or even protesting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Examining an event with an interdependence lens gives us the awareness that people with disabilities can be organizers and initiators of movements, rather than passive participants or beneficiaries of others' activism.

“Examining an event with an interdependence lens gives us the awareness that people with disabilities can be organizers and initiators of movements, rather than passive participants or beneficiaries of others' activism.”

May combine two claims.

These organizers operated as agents of accessibility, rather than recipients of it, developing a satellite movement to fit their own needs and abilities.

“These organizers operated as agents of accessibility, rather than recipients of it, developing a satellite movement to fit their own needs and abilities.”

May combine two claims.

This project fostered connections between members of the movement, strengthening its coherency and broadening its presence.

“This project fostered connections between members of the movement, strengthening its coherency and broadening its presence.”

May combine two claims.

A march demands that participants be able to execute a certain set of physical abilities, including standing and moving throughout the streets, and involves many sensory stimuli that might trigger symptoms.

“However, a “march” demands that participants be able to execute a certain set of physical abilities (including standing and moving throughout the streets) and involves many sensory stimuli that might trigger symptoms.”

May combine two claims.

While companions often had to take the role of caregiver in these travels, their attendance was mutually reliant, building a larger coalition together.

“While their companions often had to take the role of “caregiver” in these travels, their attendance was mutually reliant, building a larger coalition together.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Organizers and attendees highlighted the importance of physical presence at the march and the need to stand together in solidarity.

“Organizers and attendees highlighted the importance of physical presence at the march and the need to “stand together in solidarity” [66].”

• cites [66]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aira, a visual interpreting subscription-based service, released smart glasses with OCR capabilities.

“For example, Aira [31], a visual interpreting subscription-based service, released smart glasses with OCR capabilities.”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

System names like BeMyEyes minimize the role of blind individuals by framing them as passive recipients of assistance.

“System names like “BeMyEyes” [68] minimize the role of blind individuals by framing them as passive recipients of assistance.”