The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Information systems and organizational change
Open accessAbstract
This paper discusses long-term change in organizations in relation to information systems.It reviews causes of social inertia, resistance and counterimplementation.It stresses the pluralistic nature of organizations.Tactics for managing change rely on incremental, facilitative approaches.These limit strategic change which requires coalition-building and careful attention to political mechanisms.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Research works printed but not linked: 73
- Allison , G.T. Essence of Decision. Little Brown , Boston, Mass ., 1971 . Allison, G.T. Essence of Decision. Little Brown, Boston, Mass., 1971.
- Ansoff H.I. Business Strategy. Penguin London England 1968. Ansoff H.I. Business Strategy. Penguin London England 1968.
- Argyns , C . Resistance to rational management systems . Innovation , 10 , ( 1970 ) pp. 28 - 35 . Argyns, C. Resistance to rational management systems. Innovation, 10, (1970) pp. 28-35.
- 10.1287/mnsc.17.6.B275 · DOI
- Bardach , E. The Implementation Game: What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law . MIT Press , Cambridge, Mass ., 1977 . Bardach, E. The Implementation Game: What Happens After a Bill Becomes a Law. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1977.
- Bariff , M.L. and Galbraith , J.R , Intraorganizational power considerations for designing information systems. The Wharton School , Univ. of Penn ., Philadelphia, Penn,, Jan. 1978 . Bariff, M.L. and Galbraith, J.R, Intraorganizational power considerations for designing information systems. The Wharton School, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia, Penn,, Jan. 1978.
- Bower , J. The Resource Allocation Process . Irwin , New York , 1970 . Bower, J. The Resource Allocation Process. Irwin, New York, 1970.
- 10.1287/mnsc.9.2.310 · DOI · Paper page
- Braybrooke , D. and Lindblom , C.E . A Strategy of Decision . Free Press , New York , 1963 . Braybrooke, D. and Lindblom, C.E. A Strategy of Decision. Free Press, New York, 1963.
- 10.1177/002188636700300403 · DOI
- Church _man, C.W . Managerial acceptance of scientific recommendations . Calif. Management Rev. 7 , 1 (Fall 1964 ), pp. 31- 38. Church_man, C.W. Managerial acceptance of scientific recommendations. Calif. Management Rev. 7, 1 (Fall 1964), pp. 31- 38.
- Cohen , M.R. and March , J.G . Leadership and Ambiguity . McGraw-Hill , New York , 1974 . Cohen, M.R. and March, J.G. Leadership and Ambiguity. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974.
- Cyert , R.M. and March , J.G . A Behavioral Theory of the Firm . Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , 1963 . Cyert, R.M. and March, J.G. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1963.
- Dearborn , D.C. and Simon , H.A . The identification of executives . In Administrative Behavior ( 3 rd ed.). H.A. Simon, Ed . Free Press , New York, 1976 , pp. 309 - 314 . Dearborn, D.C. and Simon, H.A. The identification of executives. In Administrative Behavior (3rd ed.). H.A. Simon, Ed. Free Press, New York, 1976, pp. 309-314.
- Derthick , M. New towns in-town . The Urban Institute , Washington, D. C., 1972 . Derthick, M. New towns in-town. The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1972.
- 10.1287/mnsc.19.8.884 · DOI
- Dornbusch , S. and Scott , W.R . Evaluation and the Exercise Authority. Jossey-Bass , San Francisco , Calif ., 1975 , Dornbusch, S. and Scott, W.R. Evaluation and the Exercise Authority. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., 1975,
- Drake , J.W . The Administration of Transportation Modelling Projects. Heath, Lexington , Mass. , 1972 , pp. 14 - 17 . Drake, J.W. The Administration of Transportation Modelling Projects. Heath, Lexington, Mass., 1972, pp. 14-17.
- Edelrnan , F. Four ways to oblivion--A short course on survival . Interfaces August , 1972 , pp. 14 - 17 . Edelrnan, F. Four ways to oblivion--A short course on survival. Interfaces August, 1972, pp. 14-17.
- Galbraith , J.R. Designing Organizations . Addison-Wesley , Reading , Mass ., 1977 . Galbraith, J.R. Designing Organizations. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1977.
- Grayson , C.J . Management science and business practice . Harvard Business Rev. 51 , 4 (July-Aug. 1973), pp. 41-48. Grayson, C.J. Management science and business practice. Harvard Business Rev. 51, 4 (July-Aug. 1973), pp. 41-48.
- Greenberger , M. , Crenson , M.A. , and Crissey , B.L . Models in the Policy Process , Russell Sage Foundation , New York , 1976 . Greenberger, M., Crenson, M.A., and Crissey, B.L. Models in the Policy Process, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1976.
- Hall , W.K . Strategic planning models: Are top managers really finding them useful? J. Business Policy 3 , 3 , 1973 , pp. 19-27. Hall, W.K. Strategic planning models: Are top managers really finding them useful? J. Business Policy 3, 3, 1973, pp. 19-27.
- 10.1108/eb053759 · DOI
- Hargrove , E.C. The missing link: The story of implementation process . The Urban Institute , Washington, D. C., 1975 . Hargrove, E.C. The missing link: The story of implementation process. The Urban Institute, Washington, D. C., 1975.
- Hirschman A.O.The Strategy of Economic Development. Yale Univ. Press New Haven Connecticut 1958. Hirschman A.O.The Strategy of Economic Development. Yale Univ. Press New Haven Connecticut 1958.
- Hoos , I.R. Systems Analysis in Public Policy , Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif ., 1972 . Hoos, I.R. Systems Analysis in Public Policy, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, Calif., 1972. · DOI
- Huysmans , H.B.M. The Implementation of Operations Research . Wiley , New York , 1970 . Huysmans, H.B.M. The Implementation of Operations Research. Wiley, New York, 1970.
- Keen , P.G.W. Managing organizational change: The role of MIS . in Proc. 6th and 7th Ann. Conf. of the Soc. for Management Infor. Syst., J.D. White, Ed . Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. , July 1976 , pp. 129 - 134 . Keen, P.G.W. Managing organizational change: The role of MIS. in Proc. 6th and 7th Ann. Conf. of the Soc. for Management Infor. Syst., J.D. White, Ed. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., July 1976, pp. 129-134.
- Keen , P.G.W . The evolving concept of optimality. In Multi- Criteria Decision Making. M.K. Starr and M. Zeleny, Eds., The Inst. of Management Sci. (TIMS) , Studies in Management Sci. , 6 , 1977 , pp. 31 - 57 . Keen, P.G.W. The evolving concept of optimality. In Multi- Criteria Decision Making. M.K. Starr and M. Zeleny, Eds., The Inst. of Management Sci. (TIMS), Studies in Management Sci., 6, 1977, pp. 31-57.
- Keen , P.G.W. Implementation research in MIS and OR/MS: Description versus prescription. Stanford Business School Research Paper No. 390, Stanford , Calif. , 1977 . Keen, P.G.W. Implementation research in MIS and OR/MS: Description versus prescription. Stanford Business School Research Paper No. 390, Stanford, Calif., 1977.
- Keen , P.G.W. and Gerson , E.M . The politics of software engineering . Datamation 23 , 11 ( Nov. 1977 ), pp. 80-86. Keen, P.G.W. and Gerson, E.M. The politics of software engineering. Datamation 23, 11 (Nov. 1977), pp. 80-86.
- Keen , P.G.W. and Scott Morton , M.S. Decision Support Systems: An Organizational Perspective . Addison-Wesley , Reading, Mass ., 1978 . Keen, P.G.W. and Scott Morton, M.S. Decision Support Systems: An Organizational Perspective. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1978.
- 10.1287/opre.6.3.352 · DOI
- 10.1016/0308-5961(78)90060-5 · DOI
- 10.1145/356802.356806 · DOI · Paper page
- Kling , R. and Gerson , E.M . The social dynamics of technical innovation in the computing world. Symbolic Interaction, 1, l (Fall , 1977 ) pp. 132 - 146 . Kling, R. and Gerson, E.M. The social dynamics of technical innovation in the computing world. Symbolic Interaction, 1, l (Fall, 1977) pp. 132-146.
- Kolb , D.A. and Frohman ,, A.L . An organizational development approach to consulting . Sloan Management Rev. 12 , 1 (Fall 1970 ) pp. 51-65. Kolb, D.A. and Frohman,, A.L. An organizational development approach to consulting. Sloan Management Rev. 12, 1 (Fall 1970) pp. 51-65.
- Kunruether , H. and Slovic , P . Economics, psychology and protective behavior . Am. Econ. Rev. Papers and Proceedings , May 1978 . Kunruether, H. and Slovic, P. Economics, psychology and protective behavior. Am. Econ. Rev. Papers and Proceedings, May 1978.
- Laudon , K.C. Computers and Bureaucratic Reform: The Political Functions of Urban Information Systems . Wiley , New York , 1974 . Laudon, K.C. Computers and Bureaucratic Reform: The Political Functions of Urban Information Systems. Wiley, New York, 1974.
- Leavitt , H.J. Applying organizational change in industry: Structural, technological and humanistic approaches. Handbook of Organizations , J.G. March, Ed. Rand McNaily, Chicago , IlL , 1965 . Leavitt, H.J. Applying organizational change in industry: Structural, technological and humanistic approaches. Handbook of Organizations, J.G. March, Ed. Rand McNaily, Chicago, IlL, 1965.
- Leavitt , H.J. and Webb , E . Implementing: Two approaches. Stanford Univ. Research Paper 440, Stanford , Calif. , May 1978 . Leavitt, H.J. and Webb, E. Implementing: Two approaches. Stanford Univ. Research Paper 440, Stanford, Calif., May 1978.
- 10.2307/973677 · DOI · Paper page
- Lindblom , C.E. Politics and Markets . Basic Books , New York , 1977 . Lindblom, C.E. Politics and Markets. Basic Books, New York, 1977.
- Lucas , H.C. and Plimpton , R.B . Technological consulting in a grass roots action-oriented organization . Sloan Management Rev. 14 , I (Fall 1972) pp. 17 - 36 . Lucas, H.C. and Plimpton, R.B. Technological consulting in a grass roots action-oriented organization. Sloan Management Rev. 14, I (Fall 1972) pp. 17-36.
- McKenney , J.L. and Keen , P.G.W. How managers' minds work . Harvard Business Rev. 52 , 3 ( May-June 1974 )pp. 79-90. McKenney, J.L. and Keen, P.G.W. How managers' minds work. Harvard Business Rev. 52, 3 (May-June 1974)pp. 79-90.
- Miller , R.B. Psychology for a man-machine problem-solving process. IBM Data Systems Division Laboratory , Rept TR00-1246 , February 1965 . Miller, R.B. Psychology for a man-machine problem-solving process. IBM Data Systems Division Laboratory, Rept TR00-1246, February 1965.
- Mintzberg , H. The Nature of Managerial Work . Harper and Row , New York , 1973 . Mintzberg, H. The Nature of Managerial Work. Harper and Row, New York, 1973.
- 10.5465/amr.1977.4409174 · DOI
- Mintzberg , H. Beyond implementation : An analysis of the resistance to policy analysis . Infor 18 , 2 ( May 1980 ) pp. 100-138. Mintzberg, H. Beyond implementation: An analysis of the resistance to policy analysis. Infor 18, 2 (May 1980) pp. 100-138.
- Mitroff , I.I. The Subjective Side of Science: A Philosophic Enquiry into the Psychology of the Apollo Moon Scientists . Elsevier , New York , 1974 . Mitroff, I.I. The Subjective Side of Science: A Philosophic Enquiry into the Psychology of the Apollo Moon Scientists. Elsevier, New York, 1974.
- Munson , F.C. and Hancock , W.M . Problems of implementing change in two hospital settings. A11E Trans. 4, 4 ( Dec. 1977 ) pp. 258 - 266 . Munson, F.C. and Hancock, W.M. Problems of implementing change in two hospital settings. A11E Trans. 4, 4 (Dec. 1977) pp. 258- 266.
- 10.1287/opre.21.2.451 · DOI
- Pettigrew , A.M. The Politics of Organizational Decision Making . Tavistock , London, England , 1973 . Pettigrew, A.M. The Politics of Organizational Decision Making. Tavistock, London, England, 1973.
- 10.1177/003803857200600202 · DOI · Paper page
- Pressman , J, L . and Wildavsky , A. Implementations . Univ. of Calif . Press , Berkeley, California , 1973 . Pressman, J, L. and Wildavsky, A. Implementations. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, California, 1973.
- Roberts , E.B. On implementing systems studies: Strategies for achieving organizational change in response to model-based analysis. Paper presented at the American-Soviet Conference Series on Methodological Aspects of Social Systems Simulation , Sukhumki , USSR , Oct. 17-23, 1973 . Roberts, E.B. On implementing systems studies: Strategies for achieving organizational change in response to model-based analysis. Paper presented at the American-Soviet Conference Series on Methodological Aspects of Social Systems Simulation, Sukhumki, USSR, Oct. 17-23, 1973.
- Ross , L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology . L. Berkowitz Ed. Academic, New York , 1964 , pp. 173 - 220 . Ross, L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. L. Berkowitz Ed. Academic, New York, 1964, pp. 173-220.
- 10.1287/mnsc.13.8.B508 · DOI
- Saplosky , H.M. The Polaris System Development . Harvard Univ. Press , Cambridge, Mass . 1972 . Saplosky, H.M. The Polaris System Development. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1972. · DOI
- Simon , H.A. A behavioral model of rational choice . In Models of Man , H.A. Simon, Ed. Wiley, New York , 1957 , pp. 241 - 260 . Simon, H.A. A behavioral model of rational choice. In Models of Man, H.A. Simon, Ed. Wiley, New York, 1957, pp. 241-260.
- Stewart , R. Managers and Their Jobs . McMillan , London, England , 1967 . Stewart, R. Managers and Their Jobs. McMillan, London, England, 1967.
- Strassman , P. Managing the costs of information. Harvard Business Rev., .54, 5 (Sept-Oct 1976 ), pp. 133 - 142 . Strassman, P. Managing the costs of information. Harvard Business Rev., .54, 5 (Sept-Oct 1976), pp. 133-142.
- Strauss , A. Negotiations: Varieties , Contexts, Processes, and Social Cries. Jossey-Bass , San Francisco , Calif ., 1978 . Strauss, A. Negotiations: Varieties, Contexts, Processes, and Social Cries. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., 1978.
- 10.1287/inte.4.3.1 · DOI
- Vancil , R. and Lorange , P . Strategic Planning Systems . Prentice- Hall , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , 1977 . Vancil, R. and Lorange, P. Strategic Planning Systems. Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1977.
- Vertinsky , I.R. , Barth , T. , and Mitchell , V.F . A study of OR/MS implementation as a social change process in Implementing Operations Research/Management Science , R.L. Schultz and D.P. Slevin, Eds. American Elsevier , New York , 1975 , pp. 253 - 272 . Vertinsky, I.R., Barth, T., and Mitchell, V.F. A study of OR/MS implementation as a social change process in Implementing Operations Research/Management Science, R.L. Schultz and D.P. Slevin, Eds. American Elsevier, New York, 1975, pp. 253-272.
- Weick , K. The Social Psychology of Organizing . Addison-Wesley , Reading, Mass ., 1969 . Weick, K. The Social Psychology of Organizing. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1969.
- Weiner , S. and Wildavsky , A . The prophylactic presidency . Public Interest 52 , 52 , (Summer 1978 ), pp. 3-19. Weiner, S. and Wildavsky, A. The prophylactic presidency. Public Interest 52, 52, (Summer 1978), pp. 3-19.
- Wildavsky , A. The Politics of the Budgetary Process . ( 2 nd Ed.), Little, Brown, Boston ,, Mass ., 1974 . Wildavsky, A. The Politics of the Budgetary Process. (2nd Ed.), Little, Brown, Boston,, Mass., 1974.
- Wilensky , H.L. Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry . Basic Books , New York , 1967 . Wilensky, H.L. Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry. Basic Books, New York, 1967.
- 10.2307/2392021 · DOI
- 10.1287/mnsc.22.6.652 · DOI
Cited by
Wade, M., & Hulland, J. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148626 · Cited by 2,822
Power, politics, and MIS implementation
Markus, M. L. (1983) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/358141.358148 · Cited by 2,224
A Multilevel Model of Resistance to Information Technology Implementation1
Lapointe, L., & Rivard, S. (2005) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148692 · Cited by 1,323
User Involvement and MIS Success: A Review of Research
Ives, B., & Olson, M. H. (1984) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.30.5.586 · Cited by 1,318
Investigating User Resistance to Information Systems Implementation: A Status Quo Bias Perspective1
Kim, H.-W., & Kankanhalli, A. (2009) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20650309 · Cited by 1,135
Metadata
- Authors
- Keen, P. G. W.
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 1981-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 24-33
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W1982272301
- Cited by
- 903
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 86.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Information systems and organizational change. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/358527.358543
- The paper
- Keen, P. G. W. (1981). Information systems and organizational change. Communications of the ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/358527.358543
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.