Cited by 508Sex and Gender in HealthcareImmune responses and vaccinationsSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research

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Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course

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Flanagan, Katie L., Fink, Ashley L., Plebanski, Magdalena, Klein, Sabra L.·2017·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718

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Abstract

Both sex (i.e., biological differences) and gender (i.e., social or cultural influences) impact vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, young adults, and aged individuals, males and females differ in vaccine-induced immune responses, adverse events, and protection. Although males are more likely to receive vaccines, following vaccination, females typically develop higher antibody responses and report more adverse effects of vaccination than do males. Human, nonhuman animal, and in vitro studies reveal numerous immunological, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that differ between males and females and contribute to sex- and gender-specific vaccine responses and outcomes. Herein, we address the impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines.

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Authors: Flanagan, K. L., Fink, A. L., Plebanski, M., & Klein, S. L.
Affiliations: Monash University (AU)
Johns Hopkins University (US)
ORCID: Flanagan, Katie L.
Fink, Ashley L.
Plebanski, Magdalena
Klein, Sabra L.
Venue: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2017-10-06
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 577-599
ISSN: 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
1530-8995
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718
OpenAlex: W2609522512
Cited by: 508
References: 166
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 106 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 3.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Keywords: sex differences, gender differences, vaccine response, vaccine adverse events, antibody response, vaccine acceptance, life course, sex hormones, vaccine immunogenicity, vaccine safety
MeSH terms: Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Vaccination, Vaccines, Epigenesis, Genetic

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Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course

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