Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course

Sex differences in immune responses

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Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon?

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Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity

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The Application of Ecological Theory Toward an Understanding of the Human Microbiome

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DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific

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Symbiotic gut microbes modulate human metabolic phenotypes

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Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways

Kovats, S. (2015) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.018 · Cited by 1,021

Differences in Fecal Microbiota in Different European Study Populations in Relation to Age, Gender, and Country: a Cross-Sectional Study

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Gender Bias in Autoimmunity Is Influenced by Microbiota

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The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines

Klein, S. L., Jedlicka, A., & Pekosz, A. S. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70049-9 · Cited by 813

How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination

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Sex differences and hormonal effects on gut microbiota composition in mice

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Glycoprotein-D–Adjuvant Vaccine to Prevent Genital Herpes

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The X chromosome in immune functions: when a chromosome makes the difference

Libert, C., Dejager, L., & Pinheiro, I. (2010) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2815 · Cited by 789

Hormonal and immunological mechanisms mediating sex differences in parasite infection

Klein, S. L. (2004) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x · Cited by 716

The immune system and the gut microbiota: friends or foes?

Cerf-Bensussan, N., & Gaboriau-Routhiau, V. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2850 · Cited by 704

Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination

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Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

Nichol, K. L., Nordin, J. D., Nelson, D. B., Mullooly, J. P., & Hak, E. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa070844 · Cited by 647

Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review

Higgins, J. P. T., Soares‐Weiser, K., López-López, J. A., Κακούρου, Α., Chaplin, K., Christensen, H., Martin, N. K., Sterne, J. A. C., & Reingold, A. L. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i5170 · Cited by 635

Individual diet has sex-dependent effects on vertebrate gut microbiota

Bolnick, D. I., Snowberg, L. K., Hirsch, P. E., Lauber, C. L., Org, E., Parks, B. W., Lusis, A. J., Knight, R. D., Caporaso, J. G., & Svanbäck, R. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5500 · Cited by 605

Innate Immune Function by Toll-like Receptors: Distinct Responses in Newborns and the Elderly

Kollmann, T. R., Levy, O., Montgomery, R. R., & Goriely, S. (2012) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.014 · Cited by 591

Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites

Maizels, R. M., & McSorley, H. J. (2016) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.007 · Cited by 585

Randomized Trial of BCG Vaccination at Birth to Low-Birth-Weight Children: Beneficial Nonspecific Effects in the Neonatal Period?

Aaby, P., Roth, A., Ravn, H., Napirna, B. M., Rodrigues, A., Lisse, I. M., Stensballe, L. G., Diness, B. R., Lausch, K. R., Lund, N., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir240 · Cited by 581

Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination

Klein, S. L., Marriott, I., & Fish, E. N. (2015) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/tru167 · Cited by 564

Sex, body mass index, and dietary fiber intake influence the human gut microbiome

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The influence of sex and gender on the immune response

Oertelt-Prigione, S. (2012) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022 · Cited by 459

Intestinal Commensal Microbes as Immune Modulators

Ivanov, I. I., & Honda, K. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.009 · Cited by 437

Estrogen regulates the IFN-gamma promoter

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A Population-Based Serologic Survey of Immunity to Tetanus in the United States

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Gender effect on in vitro lymphocyte subset levels of healthy individuals

Abdullah, M., Chai, P., Chong, M., Tohit, E. R. M., Ramasamy, R., Chong, P. P., & Vidyadaran, S. (2011) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.009 · Cited by 343

Half- vs Full-Dose Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (2004-2005)

Engler, R. J. M. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.513 · Cited by 330

Sexual dimorphism of humoral immunity with human vaccines

Cook, I. F. (2008) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.054 · Cited by 320

Stronger inflammatory/cytotoxic T-cell response in women identified by microarray analysis

Hewagama, A., Patel, D., Yarlagadda, S., Strickland, F. M., & Richardson, B. C. (2009) · Genes & Immunity · doi:10.1038/gene.2009.12 · Cited by 311

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Attracts Regulatory T Cells into the Fetal-Maternal Interface during Early Human Pregnancy

Schumacher, A., Brachwitz, N., Sohr, S., Engeland, K., Langwisch, S., Dolaptchieva, M., Alexander, T., Taran, A., Malfertheiner, S. F., Costa, S., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803177 · Cited by 307

Significant Correlation Between the Infant Gut Microbiome and Rotavirus Vaccine Response in Rural Ghana

Harris, V. C., Armah, G., Fuentes, S., Korpela, K. E., Parashar, U., Victor, J. C., Tate, J., de Weerth, C., Giaquinto, C., Wiersinga, W. J., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw518 · Cited by 299

Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination

Lindsey, N. P., Schroeder, B. A., Miller, E. R., Braun, M. M., Hinckley, A. F., Marano, N., Slade, B. A., Barnett, E. D., Brunette, G. W., Horan, K., et al. (2008) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.009 · Cited by 283

X‐chromosome‐located microRNAs in immunity: Might they explain male/female differences?

Pinheiro, I., Dejager, L., & Libert, C. (2011) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.201100047 · Cited by 280

The immune risk profile is associated with age and gender: findings from three Swedish population studies of individuals 20–100 years of age

Wikby, A., Månsson, I. A., Johansson, B. E. A., Strindhall, J., & Nilsson, S. E. (2008) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9138-6 · Cited by 259

Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly

Haq, K., & McElhaney, J. E. (2014) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 · Cited by 256

The Adenosine System Selectively Inhibits TLR-Mediated TNF-α Production in the Human Newborn

Levy, O., Coughlin, M. L., Cronstein, B. N., Roy, R. M., Desai, A., & Wessels, M. R. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1956 · Cited by 236

Insufficient protection for healthy elderly adults by tetanus and TBE vaccines

Hainz, U., Jenewein, B., Asch, E., Pfeiffer, K.-P., Berger, P., & Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.085 · Cited by 224

Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines

Zuckerman, J. N. (2005) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.20524 · Cited by 224

The epidemiology of subclinical malaria infections in South-East Asia: findings from cross-sectional surveys in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia, and Vietnam

Imwong, M., Nguyen, T.-N., Tripura, R., Peto, T. J., Lee, S. J., Lwin, K. M., Suangkanarat, P., Jeeyapant, A., Vihokhern, B., Wongsaen, K., et al. (2015) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0906-x · Cited by 219

Influence of sex differences on microRNA gene regulation in disease

Sharma, S., & Eghbali, M. (2014) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-5-3 · Cited by 204

Differences in female-male mortality after high-titre measles vaccine and association with subsequent vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and inactivated poliovirus: reanalysis of West African studies

Aaby, P., Jensen, H., Samb, B., Cissé, B., Sodemann, M., Jakobsen, M., Poulsen, A., Rodrigues, A., Lisse, I. M., Simondon, F., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13771-3 · Cited by 203

Role of CMV in immune senescence.

Pawelec, G., & Derhovanessian, E. (2011) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.010 · Cited by 201

Heterologous Immunological Effects of Early BCG Vaccination in Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Guinea-Bissau: A Randomized-controlled Trial

Jensen, K. J., Larsen, N., Biering-Sørensen, S. R., Andersen, A., Eriksen, H. B., Monteiro, I., HOUGAARD, D. M., Aaby, P., Netea, M. G., Flanagan, K. L., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu508 · Cited by 189

Does sex matter? The influence of gender on gastrointestinal physiology and drug delivery.

Freire, A. C., Basit, A., Choudhary, R., Chee, P., & Merchant, H. (2011) · International journal of pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.069 · Cited by 185

The Role of IL-10 in Regulating Immunity to Persistent Viral Infections

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Lymphocyte subsets' reference ranges in an age- and gender-balanced population of 100 healthy adults—A monocentric German study

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Sex Differences in Infectious Diseases-Common but Neglected

van Lunzen, J., & Altfeld, M. (2014) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu159 · Cited by 176

Social and political determinants of vaccine hesitancy: Lessons learned from the H1N1 pandemic of 2009-2010

Mesch, G. S., & Schwirian, K. P. (2015) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.06.031 · Cited by 170

Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children

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Sex differences matter in the gut: effect on mucosal immune activation and inflammation

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Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly

Fink, A. L., & Klein, S. L. (2015) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2015 · Cited by 157

The Immunogenicity of 7‐Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine versus 23‐Valent Polysaccharide Vaccine in Adults Aged 50–80 Years

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Periconceptional maternal micronutrient supplementation is associated with widespread gender related changes in the epigenome: a study of a unique resource in the Gambia

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Sex-based Biology and the Rational Design of Influenza Vaccination Strategies

Klein, S. L., & Pekosz, A. S. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu066 · Cited by 144

Nonspecific effects of neonatal and infant vaccination: public-health, immunological and conceptual challenges

Aaby, P., Kollmann, T. R., & Benn, C. S. (2014) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2961 · Cited by 141

Vaccine-induced antibody responses as parameters of the influence of endogenous and environmental factors.

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Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in men

Castellsagué, X., Giuliano, A. R., Goldstone, S. E., Guevara, A., Mogensen, O. E., Palefsky, J. M., T. Group, Shields, C. E., Liu, K., Maansson, R., et al. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.088 · Cited by 133

The strength of B cell immunity in female rhesus macaques is controlled by CD8+T cells under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones

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Testing the hypothesis that diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine has negative non-specific and sex-differential effects on child survival in high-mortality countries

Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., Nielsen, J. O., Lisse, I. M., Rodrigues, A., & Ravn, H. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000707 · Cited by 132

Impact of age, sex and CMV-infection on peripheral T cell phenotypes: results from the Berlin BASE-II Study

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Altered Helper T Lymphocyte Function Associated with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and its Role in Response to Therapeutic Vaccination in Humans

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Cytokine production in natural killer cells and lymphocytes in pregnant women compared with women in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

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Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986–90) and in the nationwide immunisation program

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Study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in the epidemic of 1989–90 using a general practice database

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The non-specific effects of vaccines

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Involvement of Gonadal Steroids and Gamma Interferon in Sex Differences in Response to Blood-Stage Malaria Infection

Cernetich, A., Garver, L. S., Jedlicka, A., Klein, P. W., Kumar, N., Scott, A. L., & Klein, S. L. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00008-06 · Cited by 119

Age-Dependent Maturation of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Cytokine Responses in Gambian Infants

Burl, S., Townend, J., Njie-Jobe, J., Cox, M., Adetifa, U. J., Touray, E. S., Philbin, V. J., Mancuso, C. J., Kampmann, B., Whittle, H. C., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018185 · Cited by 118

Microbiota in autoimmunity and tolerance

Atarashi, K., & Honda, K. (2011) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2011.11.002 · Cited by 117

Antibody responses and cross protection against lethal influenza A viruses differ between the sexes in C57BL/6 mice

Lorenzo, M. E., Hodgson, A., Robinson, D. P., Kaplan, J. B., Pekosz, A. S., & Klein, S. L. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.110 · Cited by 117

Gender inequality, family planning, and maternal and child care in a rural Chinese county

Li, J. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.041 · Cited by 117

Efficacy of RTS,S malaria vaccines: individual-participant pooled analysis of phase 2 data

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Factors Associated with Intention to Receive Influenza and Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccines during Pregnancy: A Focus on Vaccine Hesitancy and Perceptions of Disease Severity and Vaccine Safety

Chamberlain, A. T., Seib, K. G., Ault, K. A., Orenstein, W. A., Frew, P. M., Cortés, M., Flowers, L., Cota, P., Whitney, E. A. S., Berkelman, R. L., et al. (2015) · PLoS Currents · doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.d37b61bceebae5a7a06d40a301cfa819 · Cited by 115

Immune effects of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement therapy in peri-menopausal women

Kumru, S., Gödekmerdan, A., & Yılmaz, B. (2004) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2004.02.001 · Cited by 114

Increased Female-Male Mortality Ratio Associated With Inactivated Polio and Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccines

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The effect of age and gender on cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and markers of bone metabolism

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Gender specificity of altered human immune cytokine profiles in aging

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miRNA gene counts in chromosomes vary widely in a species and biogenesis of miRNA largely depends on transcription or post-transcriptional processing of coding genes

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Periodic Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells in the Uterus: Preparation for the Implantation of a Semi-Allogeneic Fetus?

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Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines

Goldblatt, D., & Miller, E. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.471 · Cited by 104

Incidence of herpes zoster and its complications in Germany, 2005–2009

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Heterologous ("Nonspecific") and Sex-Differential Effects of Vaccines: Epidemiology, Clinical Trials, and Emerging Immunologic Mechanisms

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Changes in the immune system during menopause and aging

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RTS,S Malaria Vaccine and Increased Mortality in Girls

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Evaluation of immune response to Hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan: an observational prospective study

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Determinants of tetanus, pneumococcal and influenza vaccination in the elderly: a representative cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)

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Sexually dimorphic characteristics of the small intestine and colon of prepubescent C57BL/6 mice

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