Differences in Fecal Microbiota in Different European Study Populations in Relation to Age, Gender, and Country: a Cross-Sectional Study
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A cross-sectional study on intestinal microbiota composition was performed on 230 healthy subjects at four European locations in France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden. The study participants were assigned to two age groups: 20 to 50 years (mean age, 35 years; n = 85) and >60 years (mean age, 75 years; n = 145). A set of 14 group- and species-specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes was applied to the analysis of fecal samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry. Marked country-age interactions were observed for the German and Italian study groups. These interactions were inverse for the predominant bacterial groups Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides-Prevotella . Differences between European populations were observed for the Bifidobacterium group only. Proportions of bifidobacteria were two- to threefold higher in the Italian study population than in any other study group, and this effect was independent of age. Higher proportions of enterobacteria were found in all elderly volunteers independent of the location. Gender effects were observed for the Bacteroides-Prevotella group, with higher levels in males than in females. In summary, age-related differences in the microbiota makeup were detected but differed between the study populations from the four countries, each showing a characteristic colonization pattern.
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Ethnicity alone accounts for about 6% of interindividual variance.
“Even within a single continent, country-specific differences persist; ethnicity alone accounts for about 6% of interindividual variance, and migration studies show that acculturation rapidly shifts the microbiome toward the host country’s profile.69–72”
From Gut dysbiosis in oncology: a risk factor for immunoresistance (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
The gut microbial ecosystem changes with aging, with Bifidobacteria decreasing and facultative anaerobes such as Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci and Enterobacteria increasing.
“The microbial composition and diversity of the gut ecosystem changes with aging [10], as Bifidobacteria have been reported to decrease [11], while facultative anaerobes, including Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci and Enterobacteria, increase with age [12]”
From Aging of the immune system: Focus on inflammation and vaccination (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
The proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in lean and obese humans has yielded contradictory results, as well as studies describing gender-related differences in the gut microbiome.
“Furthermore, the proportion of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in lean and obese humans has yielded contradictory results, as well as studies describing gender-related differences in the gut microbiome [25, 26].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
A previous study testing for a relatively reduced number of taxa by fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that the abundance for the Bacteriodes-Prevotella group was higher in men.
“Moreover, previous study testing for a relatively reduced number of taxa by fluorescent in situ hybridization showed that the abundance for Bacteriodes-Prevotella group (together Bacteroidetes phylum) was higher in men [25].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [25]
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You’ve got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan
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Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living
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Microbiota and Lifestyle: A Special Focus on Diet
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Steroids, stress and the gut microbiome-brain axis
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Gut Dysbiosis and Muscle Aging: Searching for Novel Targets against Sarcopenia
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Human gut microbiota: Does diet matter?
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The gut microbiota of centenarians: Signatures of longevity in the gut microbiota profile
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Bifidobacterium bifidum: A Key Member of the Early Human Gut Microbiota
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The role of the skin and gut microbiome in psoriatic disease
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Pyrosequencing analysis of the human microbiota of healthy Chinese undergraduates
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Microbiome-health interactions in older people
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No distinct microbiome signature of irritable bowel syndrome found in a Swedish random population
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Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice
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Cultivable and Pyrosequenced Fecal Microflora in Centenarians and Young Subjects
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Crosstalk between gut microbiota and Sirtuin-3 in colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis
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Estradiol and high fat diet associate with changes in gut microbiota in female ob/ob mice
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- Authors
- Mueller, S., Saunier, K., Hanisch, C., Norin, E., Alm, L., Midtvedt, T., Cresci, A., Silvi, S., Orpianesi, C., Verdenelli, M. C., Clavel, T., Koebnick, C., Zunft, H.-J. F., Doré, J., & Blaut, M.
- Affiliations
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (FR)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Università di Camerino (IT)
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jovy-en-Josas, France
- Abteilung Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1027-1033
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- PMC
- PMC1392899
- OpenAlex
- W2064642161
- Cited by
- 1,006
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 10.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Unicam Scientific Publications (University of Camerino) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- fecal microbiota, gut microbiota composition, age-related changes, sex differences, country differences, Bacteroides-Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, healthy adults, cross-population comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Bacteroides, Base Sequence, Clostridium, Cross-Sectional Studies, Enterobacteriaceae, Feces, Female, France, Germany, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Sex Factors, Sweden, Oligonucleotide Probes, Ecosystem
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