Cited by 1,196Mitochondrial Function and PathologyAutophagy in Disease and TherapyCell death mechanisms and regulation

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Fusion and Fission: Interlinked Processes Critical for Mitochondrial Health

Chan, David C.·2012·Annual Review of Genetics

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Abstract

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continually undergo fusion and fission. These opposing processes work in concert to maintain the shape, size, and number of mitochondria and their physiological function. Some of the major molecules mediating mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals have been discovered, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partially unraveled. In particular, the cast of characters involved in mitochondrial fission needs to be clarified. By enabling content mixing between mitochondria, fusion and fission serve to maintain a homogeneous and healthy mitochondrial population. Mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to multiple mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial DNA stability, respiratory capacity, apoptosis, response to cellular stress, and mitophagy. Because of these important functions, mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential in mammals, and even mild defects in mitochondrial dynamics are associated with disease. A better understanding of these processes likely will ultimately lead to improvements in human health.

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Effect of denervation on the regulation of mitochondrial transcription factor A expression in skeletal muscle
Tryon, L. D., Crilly, M. J., & Hood, D. A. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00266.2014 · Cited by 33
Inner membrane fusion mediates spatial distribution of axonal mitochondria
Yu, Y., Lee, H.-C., Chen, K.-C., Suhan, J. P., Qiu, M., Ba, Q., & Yang, G. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep18981 · Cited by 32
Mitochondrial matters: Mitochondrial bottlenecks, self-assembling structures, and entrapment in the female germline
Marlow, F. L. (2017) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2017.03.004 · Cited by 33
“to fusion and fission cycles that ensure each daughter cell receives highly functional mitochondria during mitotic cell divisions [3].”
Background
Epigenetic alteration of mitochondrial biogenesis regulatory genes in arsenic exposed individuals (with and without skin lesions) and in skin cancer tissues: A case control study
Sanyal, T., Paul, M., Bhattacharjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, P. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127305 · Cited by 33
Tafazzin Mutation Affecting Cardiolipin Leads to Increased Mitochondrial Superoxide Anions and Mitophagy Inhibition in Barth Syndrome
Petit, P. X., Ardila-Osorio, H., Penalvia, L., & Rainey, N. E. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9102333 · Cited by 33
“Mitochondrial dynamics is the process of mitochondrial fusion and fission, and determines the shape, quality and quantity of mitochondria [91,92].”
Background
RhoA/ROCK Signaling Regulates Drp1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission During Collective Cell Migration
Qu, C., Yang, W., Kan, Y., Zuo, H., Wu, M., Zhang, Q. H., Wang, H., Wang, D., & Chen, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.882581 · Cited by 32
Macroautophagy inhibition maintains fragmented mitochondria to foster T cell receptor‐dependent apoptosis
Corrado, M., Mariotti, F. R., Trapani, L., Taraborrelli, L., Nazio, F., Cianfanelli, V., Soriano, M. E., Schrepfer, E., Cecconi, F., Scorrano, L., et al. (2016) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.201593727 · Cited by 31
“The kinase PKC h - and DRP1-dependent mitochondria-derived ROS are necessary for CD95L expression and AICD (Villalba et al , 1999; Kaminski et al , 2007, 2012; Roth et al , 2014); caspase-independent release of AIF from mitochondria is also crucial for AICD (Chhabra et al , 2006).”
Acute Inescapable Stress Rapidly Increases Synaptic Energy Metabolism in Prefrontal Cortex and Alters Working Memory Performance
Musazzi, L., Sala, N., Tornese, P., Gallivanone, F., Belloli, S., Conte, A., Grigoli, G. D., Chen, F., KELEŞ, A. İ., Treccani, G., et al. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz034 · Cited by 31
Free Radical Medicine and Biology
Das, K. K., Das, S. N., Biradar, M. S., Bobbarala, V., & Tata, S. S. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.77829 · Cited by 32
Exploiting S-nitrosylation for cancer therapy: facts and perspectives
Rizza, S., & Filomeni, G. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20200064 · Cited by 31
Targeting mitochondrial permeability transition pore ameliorates PM2.5-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial cells
Liang, Y., Chu, P. H., Tian, L., Ho, K., Ip, M., & Mak, J. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118720 · Cited by 31
Recent advances in mitochondrial diseases: From molecular insights to therapeutic perspectives
Aldossary, A. M., Tawfik, E. A., Alomary, M. N., Alsudir, S. A., Alfahad, A. J., Alshehri, A. A., Almughem, F. A., Mohammed, R. Y., & Alzaydi, M. M. (2022) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.011 · Cited by 37
“Other mitochondrial functions are homeostatic regulations, apoptotic cell death signaling, and implications for innate immunity (Chan, 2012; Green et al., 2014; Mills et al., 2017).”
Artesunate protects against ocular fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast activation and inducing mitochondria‐dependent ferroptosis
Liu, J., Pan, Z., Tong, B., Wang, C., Yang, J., Zou, J., Jiang, J., Zhang, L., & Jiang, B. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202201867r · Cited by 31
Central Parkin: The evolving role of Parkin in the heart
Dorn, G. W. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.014 · Cited by 30
“Although there are differences in GTPase activities, these two proteins are highly similar (63% identity and 80% conserved amino acid sequence), have overlapping functions and mutually interact to promote mitochondrial fusion [32].”
Background
Efferocytosis by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells disrupts osteoblastic differentiation via mitochondrial remodeling
Quarato, E. R., Salama, N., Li, A. J., Smith, C. O., Zhang, J., Kawano, Y., McArthur, M. J., Liesveld, J. L., Becker, M. W., Elliott, M. R., et al. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05931-9 · Cited by 31
Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Redox Signaling, and the Complement System
Buonfiglio, F., Korb, C. A., Stoffelns, B. M., Pfeiffer, N., & Gericke, A. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0124 · Cited by 35
“Imbalanced mitochondrial fission/fusion may disturb the motility and ATP synthesis in mitochondria, promote ROS generation and mtDNA mutations, and further affect intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, inevitably leading to cell death [162, 245, 246].”
3 D Mitochondrial Structure in Aging Human Skeletal Muscle: Insights Into MFN ‐2‐Mediated Changes
Scudese, E., Marshall, A. G., Vue, Z., Exil, V. J., Rodriguez, B. I., Demirci, M., Vang, L., Lopez, E. G., Neikirk, K., Shao, B., et al. (2025) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70054 · Cited by 32
“Interruptions of either of these processes can interfere with mitochondrial function, cause dysfunction, and be representative of pathology (Chan 2012; Bartsakoulia et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2005).”
Nitrite augments glucose uptake in adipocytes through the protein kinase A-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial fusion
Khoo, N. K. H., Mo, L., Zharikov, S. I., Kamga, C., Quesnelle, K. M., Golin-Bisello, F., Li, L., Wang, Y., & Shiva, S. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.009 · Cited by 32
Nestin regulates proliferation and invasion of gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells by altering mitochondrial dynamics
Wang, J., Cai, J., Huang, Y., Ke, Q., Wu, B., Wang, S., Han, X., Wang, T., Wang, Y., Li, W., et al. (2015) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2015.370 · Cited by 30
Low mitochondrial activity within developing earthworm male germ-line cysts revealed by JC-1
Małota, K., Student, S., & Świątek, P. (2018) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2018.01.007 · Cited by 30
Inhibition of mitochondrial fission as a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce mortality upon myocardial infarction
Cooper, H. A., & Eguchi, S. (2018) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20180671 · Cited by 30
Retracted
Why don't mice lacking the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter experience an energy crisis?
Wang, P., Fernández‐Sanz, C., Wang, W., & Sheu, S. (2018) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp276636 · Cited by 29
“One of the potential mechanisms is mitochondrial dynamics, which refers to the changes in mitochondrial morphology including fission, fusion and movement (Chan, 2012; Friedman & Nunnari, 2014).”
Background
Preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis is responsible for the ameliorative effects of Suhuang antitussive capsule on non-resolving inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Qin, W., Tong, X., Liang, R., Tang, K., Wu, X., Jia, Y., & Tan, N. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.113827 · Cited by 30
Phosphorylation of Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1) Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Skeletal Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia
Mao, X., Gu, Y., Sui, X., Shen, L., Han, J. S., Wang, H., Xi, Q., Zhuang, Q., Meng, Q., & Wu, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.673618 · Cited by 35
“The mitochondrion is a highly dynamic organelle that undergoes fuse and division under physiological conditions (Chan, 2012).”
Background
Defining Mitochondrial Cristae Morphology Changes Induced by Aging in Brown Adipose Tissue
Crabtree, A., Neikirk, K., Marshall, A. G., Vang, L., Whiteside, A. J., Williams, Q., Altamura, C. T., Owens, T. C., Stephens, D. C., Shao, B., et al. (2023) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202300186 · Cited by 31
Downregulation of Pink1 influences mitochondrial fusion–fission machinery and sensitizes to neurotoxins in dopaminergic cells
Rojas-Charry, L., Cookson, M., Niño, A., Arboleda, H., & Arboleda, G. (2014) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2014.04.007 · Cited by 29
“Some studies have shown that Opa1 and mitofusins act at different steps of the fusion process since Opa1 knockout MEFs maintain fusion of the outer membrane but their inner membranes do not fuse (Chan, 2012).”
Background
The mitochondrial Ras-related GTPase Miro: views from inside and outside the metazoan kingdom
Yamaoka, S., & Hara‐Nishimura, I. (2014) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00350 · Cited by 30
The Polyadenosine RNA-binding Protein, Zinc Finger Cys3His Protein 14 (ZC3H14), Regulates the Pre-mRNA Processing of a Key ATP Synthase Subunit mRNA
Wigington, C. P., Morris, K. J., Newman, L. E., & Corbett, A. H. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.754069 · Cited by 30
“Although mitochondrial fragmentation results from an imbalance of mitochondrial fission and fusion and these are coupled to energy metabolism, regulation of these processes remains an active area of research (89, 90).”
Background
Homeostasis of redox status derived from glucose metabolic pathway could be the key to understanding the Warburg effect.
Zhang, S., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zhang, D., Ma, X., Mills, G. B., & Liu, Z. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
Retracted
Salvianolic acid B inhibits mitochondrial dysfunction by up-regulating mortalin
Liu, Y., Hu, Y., Qiukai, E., Zuo, J., Yang, L., & Liu, W. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43097 · Cited by 29
Regulation of mitochondrial quality following repeated bouts of hindlimb unloading
Rosa‐Caldwell, M. E., Brown, J. L., Perry, R. A., Shimkus, K. L., Shirazi‐Fard, Y., Brown, L. A., Hogan, H. A., Fluckey, J. D., Washington, T. A., Wiggs, M. P., et al. (2019) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0218 · Cited by 30
“Fission, mediated by mitochondrial regulatory signals (FIS1, DRP1, and MFF), is the removal of mitochondrial components from the mitochondrial network (typically for subsequent autophagic removal); whereas fusion of mitochondrial networks (mediated by MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1) allows for efficient sharing of mitochondrial…”
Background
Ginkgolic Acids Impair Mitochondrial Function by Decreasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promoting FUNDC1-Dependent Mitophagy
Wang, W., Wang, M., Ruan, Y., Tan, J., Wang, H., Yang, T., Li, J., & Zhou, Q. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04178 · Cited by 29
Power Failure of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Its Computational Models
Woo, J., Cho, H., Seol, Y., Kim, S. H., Park, C., Yousefian-Jazi, A., Hyeon, S. J., Lee, J.-H., & Ryu, H. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020229 · Cited by 32
“Whereas dynaminrelated protein1 (Drp1) and fission1 (Fis1) promote mitochondrial fission (Figure 2B,C) [51].”
Background
The Uprising of Mitochondrial DNA Biomarker in Cancer
Khair, S. Z. N. M., Radzak, S. M. A., & Yusoff, A. A. M. (2021) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2021/7675269 · Cited by 29
Mitofusin 2, a key coordinator between mitochondrial dynamics and innate immunity
Kim, I. S., Silwal, P., & Jo, E. (2021) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2021.1965829 · Cited by 29
“These proteins are essential for mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis, as well as the regulation of numerous biological processes, including immune responses [6,7].”
Background
Myocardial Infarction as a Consequence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Wal, P., Aziz, N., Singh, Y. K., Wal, A., Kosey, S., & Rai, A. K. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x19666230508114311 · Cited by 33
Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species Contribute to Neurogenic Hypertension
Chan, S. H. H., & Chan, J. Y. H. (2017) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00006.2017 · Cited by 30
“shape changes involving fusion and fission from an elongated tubular structure to fragmented independent organelles (20).”
Background
Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a model of Parkinson’s disease
Shin, E., Jeong, J. H., Hwang, Y., Sharma, N., Dang, D., Nguyen, B.-T., Nah, S.-Y., Jang, C., Bing, G., Nabeshima, T., et al. (2021) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-021-01341-7 · Cited by 31
“2009; Chan 2012).”
Megamitochondria plasticity: Function transition from adaption to disease
Shang, Y., Li, Z., Cai, P., Li, W., Xu, Y., Zhao, Y., Xia, S., Shao, Q., & Wang, H. (2023) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2023.06.001 · Cited by 28

Authors: Chan, D. C.
Affiliations: California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author: Chan, David C.
ORCID: Chan, David C.
Venue: Annual Review of Genetics
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-12-15
Volume: 46
Issue: 1
Pages: 265-287
ISSN: 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
1545-2948
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110410-132529
OpenAlex: W2157334943
Cited by: 1,196
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 56 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 3.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
National Institutes of Health
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM062967, GM083121, GM062967, R01GM083121)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
Keywords: mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial DNA stability, respiratory capacity, apoptosis, cellular stress response, mitophagy, mitochondrial disease
MeSH terms: Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Humans, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Mitosis, Mutation, Apoptosis, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Mitochondrial Diseases, Dynamins, Mitochondrial Membranes, Mice, Mitochondrial Size, Mitochondrial Turnover

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Fusion and Fission: Interlinked Processes Critical for Mitochondrial Health

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