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Fusion and Fission: Interlinked Processes Critical for Mitochondrial Health
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that continually undergo fusion and fission. These opposing processes work in concert to maintain the shape, size, and number of mitochondria and their physiological function. Some of the major molecules mediating mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals have been discovered, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only partially unraveled. In particular, the cast of characters involved in mitochondrial fission needs to be clarified. By enabling content mixing between mitochondria, fusion and fission serve to maintain a homogeneous and healthy mitochondrial population. Mitochondrial dynamics has been linked to multiple mitochondrial functions, including mitochondrial DNA stability, respiratory capacity, apoptosis, response to cellular stress, and mitophagy. Because of these important functions, mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential in mammals, and even mild defects in mitochondrial dynamics are associated with disease. A better understanding of these processes likely will ultimately lead to improvements in human health.
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“Fusion and fission are opposing actions that work together to maintain the number, size, shape and function of mitochondria (Chan, 2012).”
From Role of the mitochondrial DNA replication machinery in mitochondrial DNA mutagenesis, aging and age-related diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Chan, 2012
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“12 organelles.(36) We showed that mitochondria from TAZ-deficient MEFs have significantly greater mitochondrial H2O2 production and lipid peroxidation in response to oxidative stress.”
BackgroundEndurance Exercise and the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
Booth, F. W., Ruegsegger, G. N., Toedebusch, R. G., & Yan, Z. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.016 · Cited by 128
Abeliovich, H., Zarei, M., Rigbolt, K. T. G., Youle, R. J., & Dengjel, J. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3789 · Cited by 114
Xiao, X., Hu, Y., Quirós, P. M., Wei, Q., López-Otı́n, C., & Dong, Z. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00036.2014 · Cited by 122
“As double-membrane organelles, mitochondria maintain their dynamics at both inner and outer membranes (8, 24, 36).”
BackgroundLysosomes: Signaling Hubs for Metabolic Sensing and Longevity
Savini, M., Zhao, Q., & Wang, M. C. (2019) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2019.08.008 · Cited by 116
“DRP1 is required for mitochondrial fission from yeast to mammals [135].”
BackgroundPM2.5-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage in the Nasal Mucosa of Rats
Guo, Z., Hong, Z., Dong, W., Deng, C., Zhao, R., Xu, J., Zhuang, G., & Zhang, R. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14020134 · Cited by 119
“Mitochondrial dynamics may be a widespread phenomenon, but it seems these processes are different in various cell types based on cell physiology [17].”
Adaniya, S. M., O‐Uchi, J., Cypress, M. W., Kusakari, Y., & Jhun, B. S. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00523.2018 · Cited by 123
“protein-1 (OPA1) mediate mitochondrial fusion (18, 150, 192).”
BackgroundKim, Y., Zheng, X., Ansari, Z., Bunnell, M. C., Herdy, J. R., Traxler, L., Lee, H., Paquola, A. C. M., Blithikioti, C., Ku, M., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.105 · Cited by 117
“These morphological features are indicative of general mitochondrial dysfunction in old iNs, so we decided to next test the mitochondrial MMP, which is known to determine many mitochondrial functions (Chan, 2012; Mitchell, 1961; Saxton and Hollenbeck, 2012).”
BackgroundMitochondria: A target for bacteria
Lobet, E., Letesson, J., & Arnould, T. (2015) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.007 · Cited by 117
“GTPases related to the dynamin superfamily [10].”
Zhang, Z., Liu, L., Wu, S., & Xing, D. (2015) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-274258 · Cited by 117
“Fission not only creates new mitochondria, but also eliminates the damaged mitochondria to preserve the health of the mitochondrial network and ensure mitochondrial quality control (3).”
BackgroundCai, J., Wang, J., Huang, Y., Wu, H., Xia, T., Xiao, J., Chen, X., Li, H., Qiu, Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2016) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.370 · Cited by 117
“Mitochondria undergo changes in shape because of constant fusion and fission.(25,26) Here, we used electron microscopy to investigate the mitochondrial Figure 2 The increased chemoresistance of MSC-cocultured T-ALL cells is due to reduced mitochondrial ROS levels.”
Mitochondrial Morphological Features Are Associated with Fission and Fusion Events
Westrate, L. M., Drocco, J. A., Martin, K. R., Hlavacek, W. S., & MacKeigan, J. P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095265 · Cited by 115
“Recent evidence has shown that although mitochondrial morphology is altered by various cellular cues (including changing energy requirements or cellular stress), mitochondrial fission and fusion are active under homeostatic conditions and play important roles in the maintenance of mitochondrial populations [1,2].”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration
Kang, E. Y., Liu, P., Wen, Y., Quinn, P. M. J., Levi, S. R., Wang, N., & Rong-Kung, T. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10121948 · Cited by 125
“The major dynamic characteristics of mitochondria are fusion and fission [23], which are important for mitochondria to change its morphology and maintain its functional properties [19].”
BackgroundJian, F., Chen, D., Chen, L., Yan, C., Lü, B., Zhu, Y., Chen, S., Shi, A., Chan, D. C., & Song, Z. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.015 · Cited by 109
“OPA1 Is Required for shSam50-Induced LASM We examined the effect of shSam50 on key mitochondrial fusion and fission regulators (Chan, 2012).”
BackgroundMitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration
Slater, P. G., Domínguez-Romero, M. E., Villarreal, M., Eisner, V., & Larraín, J. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x · Cited by 113
“Among other characteristics, mitochondrial size is regulated by fusion/fission processes [46].”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Role of Exercise in Cancer Cachexia Therapy
Hardee, J. P., Counts, B. R., & Carson, J. A. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827617725283 · Cited by 111
“Fission involves the division of mitochondria and results in fragmentation, whereas fusion combines mitochondria and leads to network elongation.(121) Mitophagy, the autophagic removal of damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, helps maintain a healthy mitochondrial network.”
Nuntaphum, W., Pongkan, W., Wongjaikam, S., Thummasorn, S., Tanajak, P., Khamseekaew, J., Intachai, K., Chattipakorn, S. C., Chattipakorn, N., & Shinlapawittayatorn, K. (2018) · Basic Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00395-018-0683-0 · Cited by 110
Geto, Z., Molla, M. D., Challa, F., Belay, Y., & Getahun, T. (2020) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s232009 · Cited by 116
“As stated above, defects in mitochondrial gene results mutation of proteins that involve mitochondrial dynamic activities then proceed to its physiological activity impairment.(34,35) The mitochondrial genome is susceptible to oxidative damage as a result of its residence close to the electron transport system, mtDNA…”
BackgroundDeng, D., Cui, Y., Gan, S., Xie, Z., Cui, S., Cao, K., Wang, S., Shi, G., Yang, L., Bai, S., et al. (2022) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154395 · Cited by 110
Hao, T., Yu, J., Wu, Z., Jiang, J., Gong, L., Wang, B., Guo, H., Zhao, H., Lü, B., Engelender, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39811-9 · Cited by 115
“Mitofusins ( MFN1 and MFN2 ) and OPA1 / mgm1 arerequired for mitochondrialouter and inner membrane fusion, respectively 3 .”
Mitophagy plays a central role in mitochondrial ageing
Diot, A., Morten, K., & Poulton, J. (2016) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-016-9651-x · Cited by 112
“Fusion appears to be important for mixing content of different mitochondrions (Tam et al. 2013; Chan 2012) hence keeping the network relatively homogeneous.”
BackgroundSelective removal of deletion-bearing mitochondrial DNA in heteroplasmic Drosophila
Kandul, N. P., Zhang, T., Hay, B. A., & Guo, M. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13100 · Cited by 109
Yu, R., Liu, T., Ning, F. C., Tan, F., Jin, S., Lendahl, U., Zhao, J., & Nistér, M. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.008202 · Cited by 109
“events in response to metabolic demands or pathological conditions (2-6).”
BackgroundDexamethasone-induced autophagy mediates muscle atrophy through mitochondrial clearance
Troncoso, R., Paredes, F., Parra, V., Gatica, D., Vásquez-Trincado, C., Quiroga, C., Bravo, R., López‐Crisosto, C., Rodriguez, A. E., Oyarzún, A. P., et al. (2014) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.29272 · Cited by 113
“This process requires mitochondrial fission in order to generate small mitochondria, which are subject to lysosomal degradation.(24) Mitophagy is the basis of mitochondrial quality control, and therefore crucial for maintaining a fully functional mitochondrial network.”
BackgroundLi, Y., Guo, M., Niu, S., Shang, M., Chang, X., Sun, Z., Zhang, R., Shen, X., & Xue, Y. (2023) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110502 · Cited by 119
Agarwal, S., Yadav, A., Tiwari, S. K., Seth, B., Chauhan, L. K. S., Khare, P., Ray, R. S., & Chaturvedi, R. K. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.709493 · Cited by 109
“In mammals, both the Drp-1 and Fis-1 are chiefly involved in the process of mitochondrial fission (17, 18, 37).”
BackgroundThe advantage of channeling nucleotides for very processive functions
Zala, D., Schlattner, U., Desvignes, T., Bobe, J., Roux, A., Chavrier, P., & Boissan, M. (2017) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.11561.2 · Cited by 79
Glaucoma: Focus on mitochondria in relation to pathogenesis and neuroprotection
Osborne, N. N., Núñez-Álvarez, C., Joglar, B., & del Olmo-Aguado, S. (2016) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.032 · Cited by 101
Mitochondrial fusion is required for spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis
Varuzhanyan, G., Rojansky, R. B., Sweredoski, M. J., Graham, R. L., Hess, S. Y., Ladinsky, M. S., & Chan, D. C. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.51601 · Cited by 109
“Fusion acts as a major quality control mechanism for mitochondria by enabling mixing of matrix components and promoting their homogenization (Chan, 2012).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Dysfunction Is an Early Consequence of Partial or Complete Dystrophin Loss in mdx Mice
Moore, T. M., Lin, A. J., Strumwasser, A. R., Cory, K., Whitney, K. A., Ho, T., Ho, T., Lee, J. L., Rucker, D. H., Nguyen, C. Q., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00690 · Cited by 105
Metadata
- Authors
- Chan, D. C.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chan, David C.
- ORCID
- Chan, David C.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Genetics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-12-15
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 265-287
- ISSN
- 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2948
- OpenAlex
- W2157334943
- Cited by
- 1,196
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 102 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM062967, GM083121, GM062967, R01GM083121)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Keywords
- mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial DNA stability, respiratory capacity, apoptosis, cellular stress response, mitophagy, mitochondrial disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Humans, Membrane Proteins, Mitochondria, Mitosis, Mutation, Apoptosis, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Mitochondrial Diseases, Dynamins, Mitochondrial Membranes, Mice, Mitochondrial Size, Mitochondrial Turnover
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