The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hepcidin and Iron in Health and Disease
Open accessAbstract
Hepcidin, the iron-regulatory hormone, determines plasma iron concentrations and total body iron content. Hepcidin, secreted by hepatocytes, functions by controlling the activity of the cellular iron exporter ferroportin, which delivers iron to plasma from intestinal iron absorption and from iron stores. Hepcidin concentration in plasma is increased by iron loading and inflammation and is suppressed by erythropoietic stimulation and during pregnancy. Hepcidin deficiency causes iron overload in hemochromatosis and anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis. Hepcidin excess causes iron-restrictive anemias including anemia of inflammation. The development of hepcidin diagnostics and therapeutic agonists and antagonists should improve the treatment of iron disorders.
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Clinical observations of symptomatic improvement in women treated for NAID and interventional studies in patients with congestive heart failure both highlight critical effects of cellular iron deficiency, even without correction of anemia.
“Clinical observations of the symptomatic improvement in women treated for NAID and interventional studies in patients with congestive heart failure both highlight the critical effects of cellular ID, even without the correction of anemia [21,22,23].”
From Defining Global Thresholds for Serum Ferritin: A Challenging Mission in Establishing the Iron Deficiency Diagnosis in This Era of Striving for Health Equity (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Systemic Iron Homeostasis section (page unavailable) says iron deficiency can cause cellular dysfunction and impair cognitive and muscle performance beyond its effects on hemoglobin. It does not report symptomatic improvement in women treated for non-anemic iron deficiency or interventional findings in patients with congestive heart failure, nor does it establish that those improvements occurred without correction of anemia. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe symptoms and signs of NAID, IDA, and anemia of inflammation are similar and often overlooked.
“The symptoms and signs of NAID, IDA, and AI are similar and often overlooked [1,2,21,22].”
From Defining Global Thresholds for Serum Ferritin: A Challenging Mission in Establishing the Iron Deficiency Diagnosis in This Era of Striving for Health Equity (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
The Anemia of Inflammation section describes the condition’s blood findings, and Systemic Iron Homeostasis lists manifestations of iron deficiency. Neither compares the symptoms and signs of NAID, IDA, and anemia of inflammation or says they are often overlooked. Searches for similar symptoms, NAID, and overlooked signs found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Citations
Cites
Hepcidin Regulates Cellular Iron Efflux by Binding to Ferroportin and Inducing Its Internalization
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Self-citationHepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver
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Self-citationThe iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis
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Self-citationHepcidin in the diagnosis of iron disorders
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Self-citationLiver iron concentrations and urinary hepcidin in -thalassemia
Origa, R., Galanello, R., Ganz, T., Giagu, N., Maccioni, L., Faa, G., & Nemeth, E. (2007) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.10842 · Cited by 365
Self-citationStructure of hepcidin-bound ferroportin reveals iron homeostatic mechanisms
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Hepcidin-Induced Endocytosis of Ferroportin Is Dependent on Ferroportin Ubiquitination
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Self-citationAschemeyer, S., Qiao, B., Stefanova, D., Valore, E. V., Sek, A. C., Ruwe, T. A., Vieth, K. R., Jung, G., Casu, C., Rivella, S., et al. (2018) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2017-05-786590 · Cited by 325
Self-citationHepcidin regulation by innate immune and infectious stimuli
Armitage, A. E., Eddowes, L. A., Gileadi, U., Cole, S., Spottiswoode, N., Selvakumar, T. A., Ho, L.-P., Townsend, A. R. M., & Drakesmith, H. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-351957 · Cited by 294
Preza, G. C., Ruchala, P., Pinon, R., Ramos, E., Qiao, B., Peralta, M. A., Sharma, S., Waring, A., Ganz, T., & Nemeth, E. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57693 · Cited by 234
Self-citationPharmacologic inhibition of hepcidin expression reverses anemia of chronic inflammation in rats
Theurl, I., Schroll, A., Sonnweber, T., Nairz, M., Theurl, M., Willenbacher, W., Eller, K., Wolf, D., Seifert, M., Sun, C. C., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-03-345066 · Cited by 189
An essential cell-autonomous role for hepcidin in cardiac iron homeostasis
Lakhal-Littleton, S., Wolna, M., Chung, Y. J., Christian, H. C., Heather, L. C., Brescia, M., Ball, V., Diaz, R., Santos, A., Biggs, D., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.19804 · Cited by 184
Ferroportin disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Pietrangelo, A. (2017) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2017.170720 · Cited by 151
Minihepcidin peptides as disease modifiers in mice affected by β-thalassemia and polycythemia vera
Casu, C., Oikonomidou, P. R., Chen, H., Nandi, V., Ginzburg, Y., Prasad, P., Fleming, R. E., Shah, Y. M., Valore, E. V., Nemeth, E., et al. (2016) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-10-676742 · Cited by 148
Stefanova, D., Raychev, A., Arezes, J., Ruchala, P., Gabayan, V., Skurnik, M., Dillon, B. J., Horwitz, M. A., Ganz, T., Bulut, Y., et al. (2017) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2017-03-772715 · Cited by 145
Self-citationA mouse model of anemia of inflammation: complex pathogenesis with partial dependence on hepcidin
Kim, A., Fung, E., Parikh, S. G., Valore, E. V., Gabayan, V., Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2014) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2013-08-521419 · Cited by 145
Self-citationDendritic cell–derived hepcidin sequesters iron from the microbiota to promote mucosal healing
Bessman, N. J., Mathieu, J. R. R., Renassia, C., Zhou, L., Fung, T. C., Fernandez, K. C., Austin, C., Moeller, J. B., Zumerle, S., Louis, S., et al. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau6481 · Cited by 145
In anemia of multiple myeloma, hepcidin is induced by increased bone morphogenetic protein 2
Maes, K., Nemeth, E., Roodman, G. D., Huston, A., Esteve, F., Freytes, C., Callander, N., Katodritou, E., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Rivera, S., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-03-274571 · Cited by 132
Self-citationEpidermal hepcidin is required for neutrophil response to bacterial infection
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cancado, R. D., Leite, L. A. C., & Muñoz, M. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15030289 · Cited by 19
Mei, Z., Addo, O. Y., Jefferds, M. E. D., Flores-Ayala, R. C., & Brittenham, G. M. (2024) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2024013460 · Cited by 16
Sohail, H., Collins, J. E., Chan, K. H., Alamgir, M. A., & Kamran, A. (2026) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2025031965 · Cited by 8
Ferritin: A Biomarker Requiring Caution in Clinical Decision
Lemaire, B., Frias, M. A., Golaz, O., Magnin, J.-L., Viette, V., Vuilleumier, N., & Waldvogel Abramowski, S. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040386 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Medicine
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2023-01-27
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 261-277
- ISSN
- 0066-4219 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-326X
- PMC
- PMC9943683
- OpenAlex
- W4288716108
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 134 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 56
- FWCI
- 14.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD098864, R01HD096863, R21HD104014)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Erythropoietin and Anemia Treatment
- Keywords
- hepcidin, iron regulation, ferroportin, iron overload, hemochromatosis, anemia of chronic disease, ineffective erythropoiesis, iron deficiency anemia, inflammation, pregnancy, erythropoiesis
- MeSH terms
- Anemia, Hemochromatosis, Humans, Inflammation, Iron, Hepcidins
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