Muscle wasting in cancer cachexia: clinical implications, diagnosis, and emerging treatment strategies
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic condition characterized by loss of skeletal muscle. Common clinical manifestations include muscle wasting, anemia, reduced caloric intake, and altered immune function, which contribute to increased disability, fatigue, diminished quality of life, and reduced survival. The prevalence of cachexia and the impact of this disorder on the patient and family underscore the need for effective management strategies. Dietary supplementation and appetite stimulation alone are inadequate to reverse the underlying metabolic abnormalities of cancer cachexia and have limited long-term impact on patient quality of life and survival. Therapies that can increase muscle mass and physical performance may be a promising option; however, there are currently no drugs approved for the prevention or treatment of cancer cachexia. Several agents are in clinical development, including anabolic agents, such as selective androgen receptor modulators and drugs targeting inflammatory cytokines that promote skeletal muscle catabolism.
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Tumour-induced inflammation can increase production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, resulting in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.
“Tumour-induced inflammation can lead to increased production of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, interferon gamma, and other cytokines, which results in increased protein catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, insulin resistance, and lipolysis.115”
From Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: The effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases (2014) · cites this paper as [115]
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- Authors
- Dodson, S., Baracos, V. E., Jatoi, A., Evans, W. J., Cella, D., Dalton, J. T., & Steiner, M. S.
- Affiliations
- GTx (United States) (US)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- GlaxoSmithKline (United States) (US)
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Medicine
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2011-02-18
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 265-279
- ISSN
- 0066-4219 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-326X
- OpenAlex
- W2121063540
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- cancer cachexia, muscle atrophy, skeletal muscle atrophy, anemia, energy intake, immune function, quality of life, survival, dietary supplementation, appetite stimulation, muscle mass, physical performance, anabolic agents, selective androgen receptor modulators, inflammatory cytokines, skeletal muscle catabolism, cachexia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Cachexia, Clinical Trials as Topic, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Neoplasms, Quality of Life, Cytokines, Muscle, Skeletal, Anabolic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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