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Human Genetic Variation Influences Vitamin C Homeostasis by Altering Vitamin C Transport and Antioxidant Enzyme Function

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Michels, Alexander J., Hagen, Tory M., Frei, Balz·2013·Annual Review of Nutrition
DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161246PMC PMC4357493
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Abstract

New evidence for the regulation of vitamin C homeostasis has emerged from several studies of human genetic variation. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding sodium-dependent vitamin C transport proteins are strongly associated with plasma ascorbate levels and likely impact tissue cellular vitamin C status. Furthermore, genetic variants of proteins that suppress oxidative stress or detoxify oxidatively damaged biomolecules, i.e., haptoglobin, glutathione-S-transferases, and possibly manganese superoxide dismutase, affect ascorbate levels in the human body. There also is limited evidence for a role of glucose transport proteins. In this review, we examine the extent of the variation in these genes, their impact on vitamin C status, and their potential role in altering chronic disease risk. We conclude that future epidemiological studies should take into account genetic variation in order to successfully determine the role of vitamin C nutriture or supplementation in human vitamin C status and chronic disease risk.

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  • SNPs of SLC23A1 were characterized as both synonymous and non-synonymous, with the greatest diversity found in the African population, producing proteins of lower functionality.

    “SNPs of SLC23A1 were characterized as both synonymous and non-synonymous SNPs (with the greatest diversity found in the African population) producing proteins of lower functionality.”

    From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [83]

    The SLC23A1 Genomic Characterization section identifies one synonymous and three nonsynonymous coding SNPs and reports reduced ascorbate transport for proteins produced by the nonsynonymous variants. It says African American populations show the greatest observed SNP diversity, not African populations generally. The claim also overextends the reduced-function finding to synonymous SNPs. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In the case of SNPs of SLC23A2, all studied polymorphisms were synonymous.

    “In the case of SNPs of SLC23A2, all studied polymorphisms were synonymous [80,83].”

    From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [83]

    The “Genomic Characterization of SLC23A2” section says that all analyzed SNPs within the protein-coding region were synonymous. It also says most analyzed SNPs were in intronic or untranslated regions, so the claim overextends “synonymous” to all studied polymorphisms. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The strongest evidence to decrease circulating vitamin C levels was found for several common SNPs of SLC23A1 due to reduced renal reabsorption.

    “The strongest evidence to decrease circulating vitamin C levels was found for several common SNPs of SLC23A1 due to reduced renal reabsorption.”

    From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [83]

    The Summary reports a significant decline in circulating vitamin C for one SLC23A1 SNP (rs33972313), while two others showed nonsignificant reductions. The “Genetic Variation in SLC23A1 and Vitamin C Status” section proposes reduced renal reabsorption as a mechanism, drawing on knockout-mouse findings, but does not establish it as the cause of the observed human SNP associations. Thus, the claim overstates both the evidence for several SNPs and the certainty of the mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The effect of individual SNPs on the vitamin C system level has an additive character, depending on genotype and allele dosage.

    “An effect of individual SNPs on the vitamin C system level has an additive character, which depends on genotype and an allele dosage (additive) effect that was also described.”

    From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [83]

    The section “Genetic Variation in SLC23A1 and Vitamin C Status” (page unavailable) reports approximately 6 μM lower circulating ascorbate per rs33972313 allele, supporting an additive effect for that SNP. It does not establish an additive effect for individual SNPs generally; it notes that a per-allele effect for rs10063949 was not observed in another cohort. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • An elevation of vitamin C levels was also seldomly described.

    “However, an elevation of vitamin C levels was also seldomly described [80,82,83].”

    From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [83]

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Authors
Michels, A. J., Hagen, T. M., & Frei, B.
Affiliations
Oregon State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Nutrition
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2013-07-17
Volume
33
Issue
1
Pages
45-70
ISSN
  • 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-4312
DOI
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161246
PMC
PMC4357493
OpenAlex
W2138137527
Cited by
139
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5
FWCI
1.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (T32ES007060)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords
genetic polymorphism, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters, vitamin C, haptoglobin, glutathione S-transferase, manganese superoxide dismutase, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, chronic disease risk, vitamin C supplementation
MeSH terms
Animals, Ascorbic Acid, Biological Transport, Homeostasis, Humans, Oxidoreductases, Genetic Variation, Sodium-Coupled Vitamin C Transporters

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