The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health
Abstract
Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in "flexible employment" and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs that effectively put an end to its health-related impacts.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Especially in cases of precarious employment (Benach et al., 2014) or very low overall household income, monetary rewards might have an overall higher relevance for individuals' job satisfaction, irrespective of their age (cf., Layard, Mayraz, & Nickell, 2008).”
From What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction (2020) · cites this paper as Benach et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“However, today approximately two billion workers worldwide have precarious jobs that lack social protection (77).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“The precariousness of an occupation is a critical determinant to the health and safety of workers (1–3).”
From Large language model exposure and precarious occupations: Unpacking relationships in the Canadian labor force (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597
The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
Hicks, A., & Esping-Andersen, G. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2073705 · Cited by 7,092
Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition
Kalleberg, A. L. (2009) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240907400101 · Cited by 2,998
The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism
Stephens, J. D. (1979) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16171-3 · Cited by 1,184
Aronsson, G., & Gustafsson, K. (2005) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000177219.75677.17 · Cited by 646
Vives, A., Amable, M., Ferrer, M., Moncada, S., Llorens, C., Muntaner, C., Benavides, F. G., & Benach, J. (2010) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2009.048967 · Cited by 285
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 163
- Ackerman F, 1998, The Changing Nature of Work
- 2. Amable M. 2006. La precariedad laboral y su impacto sobre la salud. Un estudio en trabajadores asalariados en España. PhD Thesis, Univ. Pompeu Fabra. Dep. Ciènc. Exp. de la Salut, Barcelona
- Amable M, 2001, Arch. Prev. Riesgos Labor., 4, 169
- 10.2307/2696208 · DOI
- 10.1177/09500179922118024 · DOI
- 10.1080/13594320143000898 · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.94.1.82 · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.2004.028704 · DOI
- 10.5271/sjweh.1154 · DOI
- 10.2307/256569 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.43.3.f · DOI
- 10.1136/oemed-2011-100381 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00400-3 · DOI
- Beale N, 1985, J. R. Coll. Gen. Pract., 35, 510
- 10.1136/bmj.296.6635.1508 · DOI
- Benach J, 2013, Qualitat de l'ocupació, participació i salut laboral a Catalunya
- 10.1136/jech.56.6.405 · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.90.8.1316 · DOI
- 10.1093/eurpub/14.3.314 · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.2005.045237 · DOI
- Benach J, 2011, Improving Equity in Health by Addressing Social Determinants, 165
- 10.1136/bmj.c2154 · DOI
- Benach J, 2010, Empleo, Trabajo y Desigualdades en Salud: Una Visión Global [Employment, Work and Health Inequalities: A Global Perspective]
- Benach J, 2007, Employment, Work, and Health Inequalities: A Global Perspective
- 10.1136/jech-2012-201103 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.g · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.54.7.494 · DOI
- 10.1136/oem.2005.022301 · DOI
- 10.1007/s00420-009-0433-6 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-9701.1995.tb00329.x · DOI
- 32. Bielenski H. 1999. New patterns of employment in Europe. See Ref. 64, pp. 11–30
- 10.1111/1468-0297.00043 · DOI
- Boyer R, 1993, Proc. Domest. Inst., Trade and the Press. for Natl. Converg., Bellagio, Feb. 22–26.
- Boyer R, 2002, Théorie de la régulation: l'état des savoirs, 58, 10.3917/dec.boyer.2002.01.0058 · DOI
- Bradley H, 2000, Myths at Work
- Bresson M, 2010, Sociologie de la Précarité
- 10.1002/casp.620 · DOI
- 10.1093/esr/jcn033 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1467-9914.1993.tb00203.x · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.029 · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101146 · DOI
- 10.2307/2136747 · DOI
- Cazes S, 2009, Labour Market Policies in Times of Crisis
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.e · DOI
- 10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.06.005 · DOI
- Comm. Soc. Determinants Health (CSHD), 2008, Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health.
- Cranford C, 2003, Just Labour, 3, 6
- 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00221.x · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511490064.005 · DOI
- 10.1080/135943299398302 · DOI
- 10.1177/0143831X03024002002 · DOI
- 10.2190/B1KM-VGN7-50GF-8XJ4 · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.2009.098541 · DOI
- 10.1007/s11133-010-9149-x · DOI
- 10.1093/esr/jcm042 · DOI
- 10.1515/9781400886203 · DOI
- 10.1093/0199240523.001.0001 · DOI
- 10.1136/oemed-2013-101385 · DOI
- 10.2307/2137280 · DOI
- 62. Ferrie JE. 1999. Health consequences of job insecurity. See Ref. 64, pp. 59–99
- 10.1177/014107680109400206 · DOI
- Ferrie JE, 1999, Labour Market Changes and Job Insecurity: A Challenge for Social Welfare and Health Promotion.
- 10.2105/AJPH.88.7.1030 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.006 · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.56.6.450 · DOI
- Ferrie JE, 2008, Scand. J. Work Environ. Heath, 2008, 98
- Goudswaard A, 2002, Employment Status and Working Conditions
- Goudswaard A, 2000, Flexibility and Working Conditions: A Qualitative and Comparative Study in Seven EU Member States
- Goudswaard A, 2002, New Forms of Contractual Relationships and the Implications for Occupational Safety and Health.
- 10.1007/s00148-009-0287-y · DOI
- 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2010.12.005 · DOI
- 10.5465/amr.1984.4279673 · DOI
- 10.1177/09500170122118760 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0927-5371(02)00136-7 · DOI
- 10.1136/jech.2004.032656 · DOI
- 78. Hartley J. 1999. Models of job insecurity and coping strategies of organizations. See Ref. 64, pp. 127–49
- 10.1080/135943299398311 · DOI
- 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181ec7e23 · DOI
- 10.1080/135943299398366 · DOI
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150865.001.0001 · DOI
- Hicks A, 1999, Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60116-1 · DOI
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226356495.001.0001 · DOI
- 86. Joyce K, Pabayo R, Critchley JA, Bambra C. 2010. Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2):CD008009.pub2 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60102-6 · DOI
- Karasek RA, 1992, Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life
- 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301185 · DOI
- 10.1002/ajim.20626 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.f · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.02.004 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.11.002 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.051 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.320.7240.971 · DOI
- 10.1093/aje/kwg185 · DOI
- Korpi W, 1983, The Democratic Class Struggle
- 100. Landsbergis PA, Grzywacz JG, Lamontagne AD. 2012. Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities. Am. J. Ind. Med. doi: 10.1002/ajim.2212 · DOI
- Laurell A, 1982, Cuad. Med. Soc., 4, 1
- Letourneux V, 1998, Precarious Employment and Working Conditions in Europe
- Lewchuk W, 2011, Working Without Commitments: The Health Effects of Precarious Employment, 10.1515/9780773586260 · DOI
- 10.1177/0950017008093477 · DOI
- Lewchuk W, 2003, Just Labour, 3, 23
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.013 · DOI
- 10.7202/014186ar · DOI
- Marmot M, 2001, The Contribution of Job Insecurity to Socio-Economic Inequalities. Research Findings, Health Variations Programme II.
- 10.1177/0020764007084605 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.301.6750.461 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.06.013 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.035 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00005-9 · DOI
- 10.1136/oem.59.1.67 · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000323 · DOI
- Monastiriotis V, 2006, Employment Flexibility and UK Regional Unemployment: Persistence and Macroeconomic Shocks
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117617 · DOI
- 10.1186/1471-2458-12-286 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.c · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.042 · DOI
- 10.2190/N7A9-5X58-0DYT-C6AY · DOI
- 10.1016/0277-9536(93)90393-I · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.h · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.40.2.j · DOI
- 10.1136/oem.2008.039362 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-94-007-2138-8 · DOI
- OECD, 1994, The OECD Jobs Study. Facts, Analysis, Strategies.
- 10.1016/j.gaceta.2009.09.004 · DOI
- 130. Puig-Barrachina V, Vanroelen C, Vives A, Martinez JM, Muntaner C, et al. 2013. Measuring employment precariousness in the European working conditions survey: the social distribution in Europe. Work. In press. doi: 10.3233/WOR-131645 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.02.008 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.38.3.g · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.39.1.a · DOI
- 10.2190/607H-TTV0-QCN6-YLT4 · DOI
- Rodgers G, 1989, Precarious Jobs in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe, 1
- 10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00234-9 · DOI
- 10.1080/135943299398320 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-1-137-10224-9 · DOI
- 10.1177/0950017004040770 · DOI
- 10.2190/WAM3-MNN2-6UNF-FDEX · DOI
- Scott-Marshall, 2011, Work, 38, 369, 10.3233/WOR-2011-1140 · DOI
- 10.5271/sjweh.1052 · DOI
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568162.003.0004 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-1-349-27576-2 · DOI
- 10.1111/1464-0597.0077z · DOI
- 10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242 · DOI · Paper page
- Tompa E, 2007, Work, 28, 209
- 10.1136/oem.2007.037259 · DOI
- Trumka T, 2011, Harv. Int. Rev., 33, 42
- 10.7202/1006345ar · DOI
- 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03216-9 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.37972.496262.0D · DOI
- 10.1136/oemed-2013-101635 · DOI
- 155. Van Aerden K, Moors GBD, Levecque K, Vanroelen C. 2013. Measuring employment arrangements in the European labour force: a typological approach. Soc. Indic. Res. doi: 10.1007/s11205-013-0312-0. In press · DOI
- 10.1080/026783799296084 · DOI
- Vandenbrande T, 2012, Quality of Work and Employment in Belgium
- 10.1136/oem.60.12.948 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.12.005 · DOI
- 10.1093/ije/dyi024 · DOI
- 10.1136/oem.2005.020297 · DOI
- 10.1136/bmj.f4746 · DOI
- 10.1136/oem.2010.054890 · DOI
- 10.1093/ije/dyg319 · DOI
- 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00291-0 · DOI
- 166. Vives A. 2010. A multidimensional approach to precarious employment: measurement, association with poor mental health and prevalence in the Spanish workforce . PhD Thesis, Univ. Pompeu Fabra., Dep. Ciènc. Exp. de la Salut., Barcelona
- 168. Vives A, Amable M, Ferrer M, Moncada S, Llorens C, et al. 2013. Employment precariousness and poor mental health: evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health. J. Environ. Public Health 2013:978656 · DOI
- 10.2190/HS.41.4.b · DOI
- Vosko LF, 2006, Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Job Insecurity: An Integrative Review and Agenda for Future Research
Shoss, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206317691574 · Cited by 875
“Over the past few decades, transformative technological, economic, and political changes surrounding work have left many insecure about the future of their jobs (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLife Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017
Woolf, S. H., & Schoomaker, H. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.16932 · Cited by 968
Pandemics: Implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology
Rudolph, C. W., Allan, B. A., Clark, M. A., Hertel, G., Hirschi, A., Kunze, F., Shockley, K. M., Shoss, M. K., Sonnentag, S., & Zacher, H. (2021) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2020.48 · Cited by 559
“For example, precarious workers are at risk for chronic stress and dangerous working conditions, leading to higher rates of mental and physical health issues, such as cardiovascular disease (Benach et al., 2014; Schnall et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe Third Version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire
Burr, H., Berthelsen, H., Moncada, S., Nübling, M., Dupret, É., Demiral, Y., Oudyk, J., Kristensen, T., Llorens, C., Navarro, A., et al. (2019) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2019.10.002 · Cited by 471
Consequences of Routine Work-Schedule Instability for Worker Health and Well-Being
Schneider, D., & Harknett, K. (2019) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418823184 · Cited by 502
“Exposure to precarious work has been hypothesized to spill over to negatively affect workers’ own health and well-being as well as that of their families (Benach et al. 2014; Kalleberg 2009).”
Decent Work: A Psychological Perspective
Blustein, D. L., Olle, C. D., Connors-Kellgren, A., & Diamonti, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00407 · Cited by 360
“As a result, precarious employment has come to be considered a social determinant of health, with well-documented aversive effects on workers, families, and communities (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialKreshpaj, B., Orellana, C., Burström, B., Davis, L., Hemmingsson, T., Johansson, G., Kjellberg, K., Jönsson, J., Wegman, D. H., & Bodin, T. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3875 · Cited by 378
Rönnblad, T., Grönholm, E., Jönsson, J., Koranyi, I., Orellana, C., Kreshpaj, B., Chen, L., Stockfelt, L., & Bodin, T. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3797 · Cited by 360
Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Wilkins-Yel, K. G. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103491 · Cited by 231
The future of research on work, safety, health and wellbeing: A guiding conceptual framework
Sorensen, G., Dennerlein, J., Peters, S. E., Sabbath, E., Kelly, E., & Wagner, G. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113593 · Cited by 222
Benach, J., Vives, A., Tarafa, G., Delclós, C., & Muntaner, C. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv342 · Cited by 251
Self-citationVancea, M., & Utzet, M. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494816679555 · Cited by 193
Precarious Employment and Quality of Employment in Relation to Health and Well-being in Europe
Julià, M., Vanroelen, C., Bosmans, K., Aerden, K. V., & Benach, J. (2017) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731417707491 · Cited by 232
“This involves a number of potentially harmful effects for the health of precarious workers.(16,53,59,60) Moreover, social and material deprivation can also evoke psychosocial reactions and 402 International Journal of Health Services 47(3)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPutting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Cortina, L. M., & Areguin, M. A. (2020) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606 · Cited by 288
“Precarious employees are those in contract, temporary, or part-time jobs who lack permanent employee rights (Benach et al. 2014).”
BackgroundWork as an Inclusive Part of Population Health Inequities Research and Prevention
Ahonen, E. Q., Fujishiro, K., Cunningham, T., & Flynn, M. (2018) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.304214 · Cited by 160
“Additional aspects of the employment relationship—such as job security, worker influence on conditions, adequacy of wages and benefits, and the ability to exercise rights on the job—challenge simple conceptions of work.(10) Work is also complex in its relationships to health.”
BackgroundTamers, S. L., Streit, J. M. K., Pana‐Cryan, R., Ray, T., Syron, L. N., Flynn, M. A., Castillo, D. N., Roth, G., Geraci, C. L., Guerin, R. J., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23183 · Cited by 226
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21981 · Cited by 209
The impact of precarious employment on mental health: The case of Italy
Moscone, F., Tosetti, E., & Vittadini, G. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.008 · Cited by 135
“However, precarious employment can be seen as employment relations characterized by high uncertainty, low income, and reduced social benefits and statutory entitlements (Vosko, 2010; Benach et al., 2014). Physically heavy work, poor working conditions and higher risk of accidents have also been associated with precari…”
InfluentialNonstandard work arrangements and worker health and safety
Howard, J. (2016) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22669 · Cited by 170
“While work organization, as a field of occupational health and safety research, has advanced in the past 20 years, an understanding of the pathways and mechanisms by which nonstandard work arrangements can affectworker health remains incomplete [Benach et al., 2014].”
BackgroundHow does employment quality relate to health and job satisfaction in Europe? A typological approach
Aerden, K. V., Puig‐Barrachina, V., Bosmans, K., & Vanroelen, C. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.017 · Cited by 144
Self-citationDigital Platforms, Gig Economy, Precarious Employment, and the Invisible Hand of Social Class
Muntaner, C. (2018) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731418801413 · Cited by 136
Self-citationGlobalization, Work, and Cardiovascular Disease
Schnall, P. L., Dobson, M., & Landsbergis, P. A. (2016) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731416664687 · Cited by 168
“Recent studies have shown an association of precarious employment, downsizing, and job insecurity with poor physical and mental health, sickness absences, or disability pensions (Figure 1, Arrow B).131,135,143–149 Benach et al.117 conducted a systematic review of a growing number of studies that show associations betw…”
BackgroundInfluentialPrecarious employment and occupational accidents and injuries – a systematic review
Koranyi, I., Jönsson, J., Rönnblad, T., Stockfelt, L., & Bodin, T. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3720 · Cited by 158
“Temporary employees tend to have less education about the work place, more stressful/heavier work load, and a greater tendency to work when sick (5).”
BackgroundInfluentialRafferty, A., & Jimmieson, N. (2017) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12200 · Cited by 131
Precarious employment in occupational health – an OMEGA-NET working group position paper
Bodin, T., Çağlayan, Ç., Garde, A. H., Gnesi, M., Jönsson, J., Kıran, S., Kreshpaj, B., Leinonen, T., Mehlum, I. S., Nena, E., et al. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3860 · Cited by 157
“Recent systematic reviews show that multidimensional indicators as well as various separate dimensions of PE may be linked to an array of health issues including mental and physical ill-health (3, 29) and occupational injuries (37), as well as health-related behaviors such as higher levels of smoking (38) and lower ac…”
BackgroundSelf-citationArlinghaus, A., Bohle, P. L., Iskra‐Golec, I., Jansen, N., Jay, S. M., & Rotenberg, L. (2019) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.sw-4 · Cited by 182
Constructing a housing precariousness measure for Europe
Clair, A., Reeves, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2019) · Journal of European Social Policy · doi:10.1177/0958928718768334 · Cited by 124
“…the housing precariousness measure relates to individual characteristics and also test the validity of the housing precariousness measure by assessing whether it exhibits anticipated linkages with these socio-demographic characteristics (Beer et al., 2016; Benach et al., 2014; Vives et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA Scoping Review of Psychosocial Risks to Health Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Franklin, P., & Gkiouleka, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052453 · Cited by 152
“Precarious employment is increasing, particularly in the elderly- and long-term care sector with many migrant workers [32,33]; this type of employment is a source of financial stress due to income insecurity which can affect the health of workers [34].”
BackgroundPeer Support in Health Care and Prevention: Cultural, Organizational, and Dissemination Issues
Fisher, E. B., Coufal, M. M., Parada, H., Robinette, J. B., Tang, P. Y., Urlaub, D. M., Castillo, C., Guzman-Corrales, L. M., Hino, S., Hunter, J. C., et al. (2014) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182450 · Cited by 140
EPA guidance on mental health and economic crises in Europe
Martı́n-Carrasco, M., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Dom, G., Christodoulou, G. N., Samochowiec, J., González–Fraile, E., Bieńkowski, P., Gómez-Beneyto, M., Santos, M. J. H. D., & Wasserman, D. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0681-x · Cited by 131
“—has been enshrined in the overall concept of precarious employment [219].”
BackgroundEmmenegger, P., Marx, P., & Schraff, D. (2015) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwv003 · Cited by 137
“Epidemiological research has recognised the importance of the question whether ‘the toxic effects of precariousness are cumulative over time’ (Benach et al., 2014, p. 243).”
BackgroundWhat is a Social Determinant of Health? Back to Basics
Hahn, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2324 · Cited by 133
Work as a social determinant of health in high-income countries: past, present, and future
Frank, J., Mustard, C., Smith, P., Siddiqi, A., Cheng, Y., Alex Burdorf, A., & Rugulies, R. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00871-1 · Cited by 183
Bentley, R., Baker, E., & Aitken, Z. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.02.008 · Cited by 113
Christian, S. E. (2018) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv65swp1.8
“The reception apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing section is adapted to decide the additional function analyzed from the plurality of platform profiles of the plurality of application tables received at intervals for the application.”
BackgroundThe Emotional and Financial Impact of De-Platforming on Creators at the Margins
Are, C., & Briggs, P. (2023) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051231155103 · Cited by 109
“…organizational support, or, indeed, any stability in keeping with general gig economy trends (Wood et al., 2019), gig workers such as content creators therefore experience a heightened version of the power imbalances seen between more traditional employers and employees (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialCreating a Future for Occupational Health
Peckham, T., Baker, M. G., Camp, J., Kaufman, J., & Seixas, N. (2017) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxw011 · Cited by 109
Economic insecurity: A socioeconomic determinant of mental health
Kopasker, D., Montagna, C., & Bender, K. A. (2018) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.006 · Cited by 106
“The consistency of these findings has led to this form of economic insecurity being identified as an emerging socioeconomic determinant of health (Benach et al., 2014). Within the existing literature there is evidence that past and future employment experiences influence wellbeing. Clark et al., (2001) illustrates tha…”
BackgroundInfluentialCanivet, C. A., Bodin, T., Emmelin, M., Toivanen, S., Moghaddassi, M., & Östergren, P. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3358-5 · Cited by 116
“suggest that one pathway from job insecurity to adverse health outcome may consist of stress response to sustained uncertainty, unpredictability, and lack of control over the future [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialChanges in precarious employment in the United States: A longitudinal analysis
Oddo, V. M., Zhuang, C. C., Andrea, S. B., Eisenberg‐Guyot, J., Peckham, T. K., Jacoby, D. F., & Hajat, A. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3939 · Cited by 132
“Such trends have implications for myriad social and economic challenges facing society, including growing wealth and health inequities (7, 8).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs temporary employment damaging to health? A longitudinal study on Italian workers.
Pirani, E., & Salvini, S. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.033 · Cited by 104
“In line with Benach et al. (2014), it could also be that the impact of temporary employment on health is even more harmful in times of economic crisis when, in a context of austerity and firms downsizing and restructuring, precariousness is more and more pervasive, entry into the labor market is…”
BackgroundInfluentialToward an Expanded Focus for Occupational Safety and Health: A Commentary
Schulte, P. A., Delclos, G. L., Felknor, S. A., & Chosewood, L. C. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16244946 · Cited by 143
“The demographic profile of the workforce from developed economies is shifting, often characterized by aging workers, a greater burden of chronic disease, and more women, and immigrants [3,5,9].”
BackgroundEvaluating Employment Quality as a Determinant of Health in a Changing Labor Market
Peckham, T. K., Fujishiro, K., Hajat, A., Flaherty, B. P., & Seixas, N. S. (2019) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2019.5.4.09 · Cited by 123
“Given the multitude of potential manifestations of poor health associated with low-quality employment (Benach et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2012), and our expectation that the health consequences and mechanisms of EQ may vary depending on the patterns of employment conditions one is exposed to, we…”
Nonrelocatable Occupations at Increased Risk During Pandemics: United States, 2018.
Baker, M. G. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305738 · Cited by 102
Labor market reforms in Europe: towards more flexicure labor markets?
Eichhorst, W., Marx, P., & Wehner, C. (2016) · Journal for labour market research · doi:10.1186/s12651-017-0231-7 · Cited by 100
“There is also strong evidence that job insecurity and temporary contracts in particular depress workers’ health and well‐being (Benach et al. 2014; De Cuyper et al. 2008; Sverke et al. 2002).”
Hünefeld, L., Gerstenberg, S., & Hüffmeier, J. (2020) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2019.1567619 · Cited by 97
“low control, low social support, more repetitive tasks, and monotonous work (Benach et al., 2014; Eurofound, 2010; Schuring, van Oosten, & Burdorf, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialWork-related fatigue: A hazard for workers experiencing disproportionate occupational risks
Cunningham, T., Guerin, R., Ferguson, J. M., & Cavalleri, J. (2022) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23325 · Cited by 96
Gotsens, M., Malmusi, D., Villarroel, N., Vives-Cases, C., García-Subirats, I., Hernando, C., & Borrell, C. (2015) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv126 · Cited by 95
Health inequities in the age of austerity: The need for social protection policies
Rückert, A., & Labonté, R. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.029 · Cited by 147
Shahidi, F. V., Ramraj, C., Sod-Erdene, O., Hildebrand, V. A., & Siddiqi, A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6337-1 · Cited by 122
Irvine, A. L., & Rose, N. (2022) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170221128698 · Cited by 136
“Following Benach et al. (2014: 237), we consider workers in these roles to be ‘in an objective state of job insecurity’ to the extent that they lack a permanent contract guaranteeing long-term employment and, in many cases also lack a guarantee of consistent hours or pattern of work.”
BackgroundResultBosmans, K., Hardonk, S. C., Cuyper, N. D., & Vanroelen, C. (2015) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-152136 · Cited by 107
“This is a finding that fits within the pathway running through the differential exposure of precarious workers to adverse physical working conditions [9, 69], which warrants future research.”
Self-citationCareer Development Impacts of COVID-19: Practice and Policy Recommendations
Autin, K. L., Blustein, D. L., Ali, S. R., & Garriott, P. O. (2020) · Journal of Career Development · doi:10.1177/0894845320944486 · Cited by 108
“Previous research shows that job insecurity may be just as harmful to mental health as unemployment and is consistently linked with increases in depression and anxiety disorders (Benach et al., 2014; Sverke & Hellgren, 2002).”
BackgroundLabour market flexibility, economic crisis and youth unemployment in Italy
Liotti, G. (2020) · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2020.04.011 · Cited by 81
Neoliberalism and Health: The Linkages and the Dangers
Schrecker, T. (2016) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12408 · Cited by 128
Occupational Safety and Health Staging Framework for Decent Work
Schulte, P. A., Iavicoli, I., Fontana, L., Leka, S., Dollard, M. F., Salmen-Navarro, A., Salles, F. J., Olympio, K. P. K., Lucchini, R. G., Fingerhut, M. A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710842 · Cited by 110
“Unstable income generation and job insecurity have been found to be related to mental health problems [78], and also associated with worrying about work availability [79].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and Precarious Employment: Consequences of the Evolving Crisis
Santander, N. M., Ahonen, E. Q., Albin, M. C., Baron, S., Bolíbar, M., Bosmans, K., Burström, B., Cuervo, I., Davis, L., Gunn, V., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731420986694 · Cited by 90
“PE is an important social determinant of health, associated with a multitude of poor health outcomes.(6,7) PE is more common in already disadvantaged or vulnerable groups, which generates systematic, unfair, and avoidable differences in health.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYeves, J., Bargsted, M., Cortés, L., Merino, C., & Cavada, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00799 · Cited by 87
“Insecurity regarding the future of work is demonstrably increased (Benach et al., 2014), and many factors compound the risk of job insecurity, e.”
BackgroundLabor markets and health: an integrated life course perspective.
Amick, B., McLeod, C., & Bültmann, U. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3567 · Cited by 78
“Social epidemiology has considered theoretical models of exposure broadly focused on the socio ecological causes of health (6, 7), social triggers of biological events (8), the social structuring of work exposures (9), the role of social context in affect ing unemployment (10), and precarious employment contracts (1…”
BackgroundEisenberg‐Guyot, J., Peckham, T. K., Andrea, S. B., Oddo, V. M., Seixas, N. S., & Hajat, A. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113327 · Cited by 106
“Among the poor and working class, this has contributed to stagnant wages, plummeting labor-union density, and weakening fringe benefits and hours stability (Benach et al., 2014; Kalleberg and Vallas, 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNilsén, P., Schildmeijer, K. G. I., Ericsson, C., Seing, I., & Birken, S. A. (2019) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-019-0902-6 · Cited by 88
Birn, A., Nervi, L., & Siqueira, E. (2016) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12247 · Cited by 73
Employment precariousness and mental health, understanding a complex reality: a systematic review
Utzet, M., Alzaga, E. V., Mosquera, I., & Unai Martín, R. (2020) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01553 · Cited by 96
“One of the main challenges for research in this field is the lack of a clear definition of precarious employment, beyond it being a social determinant of health [4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEconomic Insecurity and Deaths of Despair in US Counties
Knapp, E. A., Bilal, U., Dean, L. T., Lazo, M., & Celentano, D. D. (2019) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwz103 · Cited by 88
Jang, S., Jang, S., Bae, H.-C., Shin, J., & Park, E.-C. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3498 · Cited by 72
“Workers with poor mental health are less likely to have full-time permanent employment status than workers with good mental health, and there may be a tendency for them to transition from full-time permanent to precarious employment (7).”
BackgroundHan, K., Chang, J., Won, E., Lee, M., & Ham, B. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.049 · Cited by 86
Generation Rent and housing precarity in ‘post crisis’ Ireland
Waldron, R. (2021) · Housing Studies · doi:10.1080/02673037.2021.1879998 · Cited by 69
Gray, B. J., Grey, C. N. B., Hookway, A., Homolova, L., & Davies, A. R. (2020) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913920971333 · Cited by 82
“Scand J Work Environ Health 2012;38(6):537–45.”
The uncertain state of work in the U.S.: Profiles of decent work and precarious work
Blustein, D. L., Perera, H. N., Diamonti, A. J., Gutowski, E. R., Meerkins, T. M., Davila, A., Erby, W. J., & Konowitz, L. S. (2020) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103481 · Cited by 85
“Precarious work is theorized to be multidimensional (Benach et al., 2014) involving, inter alia, perceptions of vulnerability, inability to exercise rights, inadequate wages,(2) and inadequate employment rights.”
Impact of economic crisis on mental health: a 10-year challenge
Marazziti, D., Avella, M. T., Mucci, N., Vecchia, A. D., Ivaldi, T., Palermo, S., & Mucci, F. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920000140 · Cited by 85
“Again, for the first time in Europe, a traditionally protected category, such as that of the public workers, lost some securities and benefits, and the latest employers had to accept short-time contracts.(2) All these factors together had and have a great impact on mental health worldwide.”
BackgroundInformal employment and health status in Central America
López-Ruiz, M., Artazcoz, L., Martinez, J. M., Rojas, M., & Benavides, F. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2030-9 · Cited by 66
“Employment precariousness is characterized by employment insecurity, economic vulnerability, temporality, low collective bargaining power, low earnings, and a lack of social protections; all of which have the potential to affect a worker’s health [35, 36].”
BackgroundPrecarious employment and health in the context of COVID-19: a rapid scoping umbrella review
McNamara, C. L., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab159 · Cited by 65
Robot anthropomorphism and job insecurity: The role of social comparison
Wang, P. X., Kim, S., & Kim, M. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114003 · Cited by 72
Worksite Health Promotion for Low-Wage Workers: A Scoping Literature Review
Stiehl, E., Shivaprakash, N., Thatcher, E. J., Ornelas, I. J., Kneipp, S. M., Baron, S., & Muramatsu, N. (2017) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117117728607 · Cited by 81
Ziersch, A. M., Miller, E., Baak, M., & Mwanri, L. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09724-z · Cited by 86
Julià, M., Vives, A., Tarafa, G., & Benach, J. (2017) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.015 · Cited by 70
“…it has also been suggested that employment precariousness needs to be analysed as part of a continuum, ranging from secure forms of employment, such as permanent full-time jobs, on the one hand, to extreme forms of precariousness, such as informal jobs, on the other (Benach et al., 2014, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuffel, V., de Velde, S. M. V., & Bracke, P. (2015) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.08.003 · Cited by 70
Wang, S., Li, L., & Coutts, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066389 · Cited by 60
Employment Quality as a Health Determinant: Empirical Evidence for the Waged and Self-Employed
Gevaert, J., Aerden, K. V., Moortel, D. D., & Vanroelen, C. (2020) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888420946436 · Cited by 67
“Finally, the type of employment also determines other factors related to economic well-being and exposure to social and material deprivation, which could further affect health and mental wellbeing (Benach et al., 2014; Vancea & Utzet, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLone parents, health, wellbeing and welfare to work: a systematic review of qualitative studies
Campbell, M., Thomson, H., Fenton, C., & Gibson, M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2880-9 · Cited by 79
“could only access precarious employment, now proposed as a social determinant of health [49].”
BackgroundThe relationship between employment quality and work-related well-being in the European labor force
Aerden, K. V., Moors, G., Levecque, K., & Vanroelen, C. (2015) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.001 · Cited by 58
“The Fordist mode of socio-economic regulation – characterized by unprecedentedly high levels of employment regulation and employee protection – proved too rigid, as employers encountered difficulties to adapt adequately to the rapidly changing situation (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation“It’s Totally Destroyed Our Life”
Premji, S. (2017) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731417730011 · Cited by 65
“Precarious employment is usually defined as encompassing dimensions of insecurity, low wages, powerlessness, and limited rights and protections.(1) In Canada, as in many industrialized countries, this type of employment is on the rise.”
Background“Running myself ragged”: stressors faced by peer workers in overdose response settings
Mamdani, Z., McKenzie, S., Pauly, B., Cameron, F., Conway-Brown, J., Edwards, D., Howell, A., Scott, T. L., Seguin, R., Woodrow, P., et al. (2021) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00449-1 · Cited by 81
Aerden, K. V., Gadeyne, S., & Vanroelen, C. (2017) · Archives of Public Health · doi:10.1186/s13690-017-0225-5 · Cited by 54
Self-citationThomson, R. M., Niedzwiedz, C. L., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022924 · Cited by 55
“31 The marked divergence for those with no formal qualifications by 2014 may support the hypothesis that those in low-skilled jobs (who are known to experience poorer health outcomes(37)) may be worst affected by reduced in-work financial support or worsening job conditions such as increased insecure work.(38) Their d…”
BackgroundGreer, A., Bungay, V., Pauly, B., & Buxton, J. A. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102922 · Cited by 59
Lamontagne, A., Too, L., Punnett, L., & Milner, A. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa038 · Cited by 55
Cassino, D., & Besen‐Cassino, Y. (2019) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12394 · Cited by 74
Construction and validation of the Subjective Underemployment Scales (SUS)
Allan, B. A., Tay, L., & Sterling, H. M. (2017) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.001 · Cited by 62
Shields, M., Dimov, S., Kavanagh, A. M., Milner, A. J., Spittal, M. J., & King, T. L. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02077-x · Cited by 85
Dillahunt, T. R., & Veinot, T. (2018) · ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3233985 · Cited by 53
“People who have precarious employment may also experience worse working conditions, poverty, and income insecurity [16, 21].”
BackgroundMoortel, D. D., Vandenheede, H., & Vanroelen, C. (2014) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0090-6 · Cited by 53
“In epidemiological research, concepts as ‘precarious’, ‘non-standard’ or ‘contingent’ employment are used in order to understand the potential health consequences of ‘the quality of employment’ [13,15].”
BackgroundSelf-citation‘More to prove and more to lose’: race, racism and precarious employment in higher education
Arday, J. (2022) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2022.2074375 · Cited by 93
“As Benach et al. (2014) note, the additional pressures to the family unit can bring about challenges to mental health for any and all of those involved.”
BackgroundInfluentialVenkataramani, A. S., O’Brien, R., Whitehorn, G. L., & Tsai, A. C. (2020) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003319 · Cited by 64
Jonsson, J., Matilla-Santander, N., Kreshpaj, B., Johansson, G., Kjellberg, K., Burström, B., Östergren, P.-O., Nilsson, K., Strömdahl, S., Orellana, C., et al. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494820956451 · Cited by 50
“PE is increasingly recognised as a social determinant of poor health, affecting both individuals as well as families and societies [7].”
BackgroundCreed, P. A., Hood, M., Selenko, E., & Bagley, L. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720920788 · Cited by 59
“…job precariousness stress related to perceptions of being insecurely employed, having few workplace rights, and little social protection, combined with the stress associated with financial hardship resulting from low pay, lead to declines in well-being and general functioning (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrecarious employment and associated health and social consequences; a systematic review
Jaydarifard, S., Smith, S. S., Mann, D., Rossa, K. R., Salehi, E. N., Srinivasan, A. G., & Soleimanloo, S. S. (2023) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100074 · Cited by 59
The Employment Quality of Persons with Disabilities: Findings from a National Survey
Shahidi, F. V., Jetha, A., Kristman, V. L., Smith, P. M., & Gignac, M. A. M. (2023) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-023-10113-7 · Cited by 55
“Against a backdrop of decline in the relative share of ‘good’ jobs, the prevalence of temporary, low-wage, and other forms of pre-carious employment has increased steadily with time [22, 23].”
BackgroundLabor unions and health: A literature review of pathways and outcomes in the workplace
Leigh, J., & Chakalov, B. T. (2021) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101502 · Cited by 49
“Non-standard, precarious, contingent, gig jobs Keune (2013) OECD (2019) Consensus: unions reduce prevalence of non-standard jobs See Howard (2017) and Benach et al. (2014) for harms and Apouey and Stabile (2019) for benefits Disputed 20.”
BackgroundUnderstanding Natural Cognition in Everyday Settings: 3 Pressing Challenges
Parada, F. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00386 · Cited by 51
Metadata
- Authors
- Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-18
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 229-253
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- OpenAlex
- W2110313855
- Cited by
- 1,354
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- precarious employment, social determinants of health, flexible employment, health disparities, health equity, working conditions, labour market policy, health policy evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Employment, Health Services, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Politics, Public Assistance, Global Health, Epidemiologic Research Design, Epidemiologic Studies, Health Status Disparities, Economic Recession, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review