Cited by 1,354Employment and Welfare StudiesEmployment, Labor, and Gender StudiesPublic Health and Social Inequalities

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Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health

Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C.·2014·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500

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Abstract

Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in "flexible employment" and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs that effectively put an end to its health-related impacts.

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“Furthermore, more job security during this critical time of career and family formation could facilitate young professionals' health and well- being, performance, and even persistence in the field (Benach et al., 2014; Huisman et al., 2002; Kraimer et al., 2019; Ryazanova & McNamara, 2016).”
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What Does Non-standard Employment Look Like in the United States? An Empirical Typology of Employment Quality
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Qualitative Job Insecurity and Informal Learning: A Longitudinal Test of Occupational Self-Efficacy and Psychological Contract Breach as Mediators
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The impacts of gold mining on the welfare of local farmers in Asutifi-North District in Ghana: A quantitative and multi-dimensional approach
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“…that precarious employees would be exposed to detrimental physical (e.g. high physical workload, toxic substances) and psychosocial (low social support and low control) working conditions and weaker safety measures (Benach et al., 2014; Kachi et al., 2014) and that may have health consequences.”
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Multiple Job Holding and Mental Health among Low-Income Mothers
Bruns, A., & Pilkauskas, N. (2019) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2019.01.006 · Cited by 36
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Changes in the labour market and health inequalities during the years of the recent economic downturn in Italy.
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“To date, such health and disease issues that may arise from workplaces seem to have been recognized more by those working in epidemiology and public health (Benach et al., 2014), but crowded out by, and disconnected from, a focus on individual psychological states and their promotion.”
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Does Employment Promote Recovery? Meanings from Work Experience in People Diagnosed with Serious Mental Illness
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La precariedad laboral medida de forma multidimensional: distribución social y asociación con la salud en Cataluña
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“Educación Primaria 102 41,8 (35,5-48,3) 101 66,9 (58,8-74,3) 203 51,3 (46,2-56,3) Secundaria 238 36,7 (33,0-40,6) 364 57,3 (53,4-61,2) 602 46,9 (44,1-49,7) Universitaria 56 20,7 (16,1-26,1) 107 32,8 (27,7-38,2) 165 27,6 (24,0-31,4) p <0,001 <0,001 <0,001”
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The impact of changes in job security on mental health across gender and family responsibility: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
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Precarious employment, psychosocial risk factors and poor mental health: A cross-sectional mediation analysis
Méndez-Rivero, F., Padrosa, E., Utzet, M., Benach, J., & Julià, M. (2021) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105439 · Cited by 50
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Beyond Hours Worked and Dollars Earned: Multidimensional EQ, Retirement Trajectories and Health in Later Life
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Characterizing occupations that cannot work from home: a means to identify susceptible worker groups during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
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(Not That) Essential: A Scoping Review of Migrant Workers’ Access to Health Services and Social Protection during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand
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“Subsequently, the more precarious the workers’ living and working conditions, the more vulnerable they are to workplace exploitation [45].”
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Formalizing an integrated metric system measuring performance of urban sustainability: Evidence from China
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Association between Stress at Work and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review
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Characteristics of those most vulnerable to employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Wales
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Informal workplaces and their comparative effects on the health of street vendors and home-based garment workers in Yangon, Myanmar: a qualitative study
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Conquering precarious work through inclusive leadership: Important roles of structural empowerment and leader political skill
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“For instance, precarious work results in depression, anxiety, and burnout (Benach et al., 2014).”
Underemployment and Meaningful Work: The Role of Psychological Needs
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“For example, this result supports previous theories suggesting that suboptimal work blocks workers from fulfilling their selfdetermination needs (Duffy et al., 2016) and prevents them from choosing the work they want (Benach et al., 2014).”
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Health and work well-being associated with employment precariousness among permanent and temporary nurses: A cross-sectional survey
Hult, M., Halminen, O., Mattila‐Holappa, P., & Kangasniemi, M. K. (2022) · Nordic journal of nursing research · doi:10.1177/20571585211070376 · Cited by 33
“This study understands precarious employment as a complex phenomenon that is conceptualized by the following dimensions: employment insecurity; individualized bargaining relations between workers and employers; low wages and economic deprivation; vulnerability; limited workplace rights and social protection; and power…”
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Workplace Interventions in Response to COVID-19: an Occupational Health Psychology Perspective
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“…related to job insecurity and unemployment (Punnett et al. 2020), precarious employment conditions (e.g., underemployment or contingent work; Benach et al. 2014), and costs and availability of healthcare and benefits are human resource policy issues that are relevant to the employment…”
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Health inequalities related to informal employment: gender and welfare state variations in the Central American region
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Human Factors Affecting Logging Injury Incidents in Idaho and the Potential for Real-Time Location-Sharing Technology to Improve Safety
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“Employment conditions affect employees, their families, and the community’s health (Benach et al., 2014).”
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How Women Suffering from Endometriosis Disclose about their Disorder at Work
Krsmanovic, A., & Dean, M. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1880053 · Cited by 30
“…ways: firstly, we provide organizations with insights and recommendations to facilitate endometriosis disclosure and secondly, we provide an avenue to develop interventions that impact women’s employment, an important social determinant of health (Benach et al., 2014; Puig-Barrachina et al., 2011).”
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The working disadvantaged: the role of age, job tenure and disability in precarious work
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“social expenditure is likely to influence attendance decisions (Benach et al., 2014; Claes, 2011).”
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Bosmans, K., Vignola, E. F., Álvarez-López, V., Julià, M., Ahonen, E. Q., Bolíbar, M., Gutiérrez-Zamora, M., Ivarsson, L., Kvart, S., Muntaner, C., et al. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115970 · Cited by 32
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Housing, Living Arrangements and Mental Health of Young Adults in Independent Living
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“Such evidence is important in the context of debated upon precarious employment, generally understood to be workers with low incomes, low social security and high job insecurity (Benach et al., 2014).”
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Considering Work Arrangement as an “Exposure” in Occupational Health Research and Practice
O’Connor, A. W., Peckham, T., & Seixas, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00363 · Cited by 29
“Social distribution of work arrangements, therefore, has important implications for population health disparities (1, 22, 42).”
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Young Workers’ Access to and Awareness of Occupational Safety and Health Services: Age-Differences and Possible Drivers in a Large Survey of Employees in Italy
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Precarious Work in Midlife: Long-Term Implications for the Health and Mortality of Women and Men
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“…precarious work undermines self-rated health (e.g., Benach et al. 2014; Burgard et al. 2009; De Witte et al. 2016; Ferrie et al. 2002; Glavin 2015; Lewchuk 2017; Peckham et al. 2019) and cardiometabolic health (e.g., Benach et al. 2014; De Witte et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2004; Virtanen et al. 2013).”
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Trajectories of insecurity: Young adults' employment entry, health and well-being
Klug, K., Drobnič, S., & Brockmann, H. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.005 · Cited by 28
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“…thousands of articles appearing in organizational psychology outlets (e.g., the special issue on job insecurity edited by Klandermans & van Vuuren, 1999) and expanding to other disciplinary literatures including public health, economics, and sociology (e.g., Benach et al., 2014; Burgard, 2020).”
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Initiatives addressing precarious employment and its effects on workers’ health and well-being: a protocol for a systematic review
Gunn, V., Håkansta, C., Vignola, E. F., Santander, N. M., Kreshpaj, B., Wegman, D. H., Hogstedt, C., Ahonen, E. Q., Muntaner, C., Baron, S., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01728-z · Cited by 30
“A number of studies scrutinize the socio-economic and political contexts that enable, maintain, or precipitate the spread of precarious employment [5, 21, 38, 43, 44], further laying the foundation for an in-depth understanding of precarious employment.”
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The Effect of Language Training on Immigrants’ Integration: Does the Duration of Training Matter?
Pont-Grau, A., Lei, Y., Lim, J. Z., & Xia, X. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3708993 · Cited by 27
Retrospective cohort study of the association between maternal employment precarity and infant low birth weight in women in the USA
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Understanding the interplay of occupational, public health, and climate-related risks for informal workers: A new framework with findings from Zimbabwe and India.
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Can HR managers as ethical leaders cure the menace of precarious work? Important roles of sustainable HRM and HR manager political skill
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“For instance, studies suggest that precarious work results in depression, anxiety, and burnout (Benach et al., 2014).”
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Jaramillo, N. R., Trillos, C., & Julià, M. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-210064 · Cited by 26
“…from insecurity or temporality, or from a multidimensional construction that includes, in addition to these factors, the individual relations between workers and employers, low wages, limited labor rights, social protection and the powerlessness to exercise rights in the workplace [1, 2, 10–14].”
Association between Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Effect of Gender, Stress Measurement and Precariousness Dimensions—A Cross-Sectional Study
Julià, M., Méndez-Rivero, F., Gomez‐Gómez, À., Pozo, Ó. J., & Bolíbar, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159099 · Cited by 36
“Precarious employment is considered a social determinant of health and of health inequalities due to the importance of work in people’s lives [1].”
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Under-reporting of non-fatal occupational injuries among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden
Kreshpaj, B., Bodin, T., Wegman, D. H., Santander, N. M., Burström, B., Kjellberg, K., Davis, L., Hemmingsson, T., Jönsson, J., Håkansta, C., et al. (2021) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2021-107856 · Cited by 24
The Influence of Gender Inequality in the Development of Job Insecurity: Differences Between Women and Men
Menéndez-espina, S., Llosa, J. A., Agulló-tomás, E., Rodríguez-Suárez, J., Sáiz-Villar, R., Lasheras-Díez, H. F., de Witte, H., & Boada-Grau, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.526162 · Cited by 26
Associations among Employment Status, Health Behaviors, and Mental Health in a Representative Sample of South Koreans
Park, S. J., Kim, S., Lee, E.-S., & Park, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072456 · Cited by 26
“For example, compared to permanent employees, temporary employees were found to have significantly worse physical health, such as drinking- and smoking-related mortality and musculoskeletal disorders [3], as well as mental health problems such as depression, psychological fatigue, and sleep disorder [3,13].”
Background

Authors: Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C.
Affiliations: Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
ORCID: Benach, J.
Vives, A.
Amable, M.
Vanroelen, C.
Tarafa, G.
Muntaner, C.
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2014-03-18
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 229-253
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
OpenAlex: W2110313855
Cited by: 1,354
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 126 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 9.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Keywords: precarious employment, social determinants of health, flexible employment, health disparities, health equity, working conditions, labour market policy, health policy evaluation
MeSH terms: Employment, Health Services, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Politics, Public Assistance, Global Health, Epidemiologic Research Design, Epidemiologic Studies, Health Status Disparities, Economic Recession, Social Determinants of Health

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Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health

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