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Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health
Abstract
Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in "flexible employment" and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs that effectively put an end to its health-related impacts.
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“Especially in cases of precarious employment (Benach et al., 2014) or very low overall household income, monetary rewards might have an overall higher relevance for individuals' job satisfaction, irrespective of their age (cf., Layard, Mayraz, & Nickell, 2008).”
From What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction (2020) · cites this paper as Benach et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“However, today approximately two billion workers worldwide have precarious jobs that lack social protection (77).”
From Bridging Sectors and Disciplines to Gain a Critical Understanding of the Eco-Social Determinants of Health Inequities: The ESDHI-EU Conference (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“The precariousness of an occupation is a critical determinant to the health and safety of workers (1–3).”
From Large language model exposure and precarious occupations: Unpacking relationships in the Canadian labor force (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Indeed, many recent studies have shown relationships between the complex dynamics of unstable employment and different kinds of adverse health outcomes, including mental health outcomes [12,14,15,17].”
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“…between employment precarity and health status and ascertain that employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the physical and mental health of workers, their families and communities (Vives et al., 2013; Lewchak et al., 2003; Benanch et al., 2014; Moscone et al., 2016).”
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“health via material deprivation including residential neighbourhood quality.(2) The differences in personal net income by levels of perceived job insecurity and environ-”
BackgroundPerri, M., O'Campo, P. J., Gill, P., Gunn, V., Rachel, W., Buhariwala, P., Rasoulian, E., Lewchuk, W. A., Baron, S., Bodin, T., et al. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-19363-3 · Cited by 27
“Precarious employment (PE), defined as non-standard employment of limited duration with a lack of financial security, labor protections, and rights, [1–3] has increased globally over the last decades [3, 4].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationConnolly, S., Govoni, T. D., Jiang, X.-Y., Terranella, A., Guy, G., Green, J. L., & Mikosz, C. A. (2024) · MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7305a1 · Cited by 22
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“Previous literature on job insecurity has mainly dealt with precarious employment status or an individual’s perception of the termination of the current labor contract [38].”
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“Since the 1980s, workplace casualization and rapid expansion of the secondary labor market have exposed workers to growing levels of risk including financial (Kalleberg, 2009) and physical and psychological risks (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundPrecarious Work as Risk Factor for 5-Year Increase in Depressive Symptoms
Demıral, Y., Ihle, T., Rose, U., Conway, P. M., & Burr, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063175 · Cited by 27
“Since then, there has been a wide range of flexible work practices under different names, including piecework, casual work, contingent work and so forth [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialPrecarious employment and health: A qualitative study in Venezuelan immigrant population in Colombia
Agudelo-Suárez, A., Vargas-Valencia, M. Y., Vahos-Arias, J., Ariza-Sosa, G., Rojas-Gutierrez, W. J., & Ronda-Pérez, E. (2020) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100009 · Cited by 22
Validation of the QJIM: A measure of qualitative job insecurity
Blotenberg, I., & Richter, A. (2020) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2020.1719553 · Cited by 22
“In today’s organisations, both large- and small-scale organisational changes (e.g. mergers and downsizing or introducing new working methods) are common (Benach et al., 2014; European Union, 2013).”
BackgroundSchummer, S. E., Otto, K., Hünefeld, L., & Kottwitz, M. U. (2019) · Journal of global entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1186/s40497-019-0190-2 · Cited by 31
Emerson, E., Hatton, C., Baines, S., & Robertson, J. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5337-5 · Cited by 22
“While there exists a burgeoning literature on the association between working conditions and health, [65, 66] remarkably little is known about the employment conditions experienced by people with disabilities.”
BackgroundPark, H., Park, G.-R., & Kim, J. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116539 · Cited by 21
Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Radic, A., Ariza-montes, A., Han, H., & Law, R. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103276 · Cited by 21
Vanderstichelen, S., Dury, S., Gieter, S. D., Droogenbroeck, F. V., Moortel, D. D., Hove, L. V., Rodeyns, J., Aernouts, N., Bakelants, H., Cohen, J., et al. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac034 · Cited by 30
“, poor-quality employment or housing) (Benach et al., 2014; Vanroelen, 2019).”
InfluentialAn international scoping review of rangers’ precarious employment conditions
Anagnostou, M., Gunn, V., Nibbs, O., Muntaner, C., & Doberstein, B. (2022) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-022-09845-3 · Cited by 28
Self-citationEisenberg-Guyot, J., Mooney, S., Hagopian, A., Barrington, W. E., & Hajat, A. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23081 · Cited by 21
Kim, S., Song, J. H., Oh, Y. M., & Park, S. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207737 · Cited by 26
“From the governmental perspective, improving the workers’ health and reducing the health gap among the workers are two essential issues [4, 13].”
BackgroundLax, M. B. (2016) · NEW SOLUTIONS A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy · doi:10.1177/1048291116629489 · Cited by 18
Cole, D., Hanson, L., Rouleau, K., Pottie, K., & Arya, N. (2013) · Global Health · doi:10.4324/9780203082225-12 · Cited by 21
Guillot-Wright, S. P., Farr, N. M., & Cherryhomes, E. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01630-7 · Cited by 21
Claes, N., Smeding, A., & Carré, A. (2021) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.1064 · Cited by 29
Intersectional trends in employment quality in older adults in the United States
Andrea, S. B., Eisenberg-Guyot, J., Peckham, T., Oddo, V., & Hajat, A. (2021) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100868 · Cited by 20
“Further, employer-worker power dynamics have become more imbalanced for much of the workforce, including less collective bargaining and participation in workplace decision-making (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialCOVID-19 Economic Response and Recovery: A Rapid Scoping Review
Mawani, F. N., Gunn, V., O, Campo, P., Anagnostou, M., Muntaner, C., Wanigaratne, S., Perri, M., Ziegler, C., & An, A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/00207314211002785 · Cited by 20
“In wealthy countries, labor market deregulation, the weakening of social democratic parties, and union decline have propelled an increase in unemployment, underemployment, precarious employment rates, and lower wages and benefits among standard workers, with damaging effects on the health of populations.(11,12) Moreov…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTemporary Refugee and Migration Visas in Australia: An Occupational Health and Safety Hazard
Ziersch, A. M., Walsh, M., Due, C., & Reilly, A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731420980688 · Cited by 24
“The equality and non-discrimination that the World Health Organization calls for includes “non-discriminatory, comprehensive laws, and policies and practices including social protection,” and the importance of these elements of employment relations are highlighted by Benach and colleagues.(11,12,13,15,54) At present,…”
BackgroundContext and Validation of the Subjective Underemployment Scale Among Turkish Employees
Buyukgoze-Kavas, A., Allan, B., Turan, M., & Ki̇razci, F. (2020) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072720961542 · Cited by 20
“Underemployment broadly refers to work that is lesser to several internal and external standards, such as compensation and use of skills that match people’s qualifications (Benach et al., 2014; Feldman, 1996).”
BackgroundCho, S.-S., Kim, H., Lee, J., Lim, S.-Y., & Jeong, W. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000014894 · Cited by 20
Lammerts, L., Schaafsma, F., Bonefaas-Groenewoud, K., van Mechelen, W., & Anema, J. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3588 · Cited by 20
“Moreover, in the last decennia, flexible forms of employment – such as temporary employment – have globally expanded [18, 19].”
BackgroundPark, S., Chan, K. C. G., & Williams, E. C. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.008 · Cited by 22
Eisenberg-Guyot, J., Mooney, S. J., Barrington, W. E., & Hajat, A. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa221 · Cited by 19
The Scarring Effect of First Job Precarity: New Evidence from a Panel Study in Hong Kong
Xu, D., Jin, S., Pun, N., Guo, J., & Wu, X. (2022) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170221112221 · Cited by 23
“It is important to note that the concept of job precarity extends beyond flexible, non-standard work and temporary contracts (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSultan‐Taïeb, H., Villeneuve, T., Chastang, J., & Niedhammer, I. (2022) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckac066 · Cited by 17
Señoret, A., Ramírez, M. I., & Rehner, J. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105840 · Cited by 19
Saldaña-Villanueva, K., Pérez-Vázquez, F., Ávila-García, I. P., Méndez-Rodríguez, K., Carrizalez-Yáñez, L., Gavilán-García, A., Vargas-Morales, J., Van-Brussel, E., & Díaz-Barriga, F. (2022) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126925 · Cited by 19
Santander, N. M., Jönsson, J., Kreshpaj, B., Orellana, C., Benach, J., Badarin, K., Burström, B., Vives, A., Kjellberg, K., Strömdahl, S. K., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/00207314211051880 · Cited by 26
“Also, it may impact other social determinants of health, such as access to health care, adverse lifestyles, and unhealthy housing conditions.(7) In our study, the majority of precarious employees were young, born outside of Sweden, and had a lower disposable family income.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBolíbar, M., Belvis, F. X., Jódar, P., Vives, A., Méndez-Rivero, F., Bartoll, X., Pozo, Ó. J., Gomez‐Gómez, À., Padrosa, E., Benach, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.649447 · Cited by 32
“Accordingly, in recent decades multidimensional approaches have emerged, which address a broader view of the construct (10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrade Agreements and Public Health: A Primer for Health Policy Makers, Researchers and Advocates
Gleeson, D., & Labonté, R. (2020) · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0485-3 · Cited by 19
Pförtner, T., Pfaff, H., & Hower, K. I. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2018-211933 · Cited by 21
“This measure allows conclusions as to whether workers receive benefits beyond a wage that might protect them from unexpected expenses and is one of the most important consequences of precarious employment.(3) Second, low wages refer to inequalities in wages and possible perceptions of deprivation and uncertainty in th…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSimões, M. R. L., Souza, C., de Alcântara, M. A., & Assunção, A. Á. (2019) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23041 · Cited by 27
Emigration and job security: An analysis of workforce trends for Spanish‐trained nurses (2010–2015)
Galbany-Estragués, P., Millán-Martínez, P., Pastor-Bravo, M. D. M., & Nelson, S. (2019) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12803 · Cited by 19
“Precarious work is associated with low‐qual‐ ity employment (Burchell, Sehnbruch, Piasna, & Agloni, 2014) and described with terms such as flexible, informal, atypical, temporary, part‐time and casual (Benach et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRegulatory avoidance in the temporary work agency industry: Evidence from Australia
Knox, A. (2018) · doi:10.1177/1035304618765526 · Cited by 19
“Email: angela.knox@syney.edu.au greater flexibility in the way that firms organise work, enabling them to minimise their risks and responsibilities and maximise profits (Benach et al., 2014; Standford, 2017).”
BackgroundDeveloping a scale of domains of negative consequences of chronic heroin use
Moses, T. E. H., Woodcock, E. A., Lister, J. J., Lundahl, L. H., & Greenwald, M. K. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.027 · Cited by 24
“Higher scores on Factor 2 demonstrate greater instability with employment that, in turn, can lead to poor physical and mental health, as well as financial and housing instability (Benach et al., 2014; Vives et al., 2013; Desmond et al., 2016).”
Pellegrino, G., Feraco, T., Meneghetti, C., & Carretti, B. (2025) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12486 · Cited by 24
Lopez, G., Kriebel, D., Cifuentes, M., & Quinn, M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10952-0 · Cited by 22
Darlington‐Pollock, F., Green, M. A., & Simpson, L. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab023 · Cited by 22
Workers' self‐objectification and tendencies to conform to others
Baldissarri, C., Andrighetto, L., Bernardo, G. A. D., & Annoni, A. (2020) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2461 · Cited by 23
Montero-Moraga, J. M., Benavides, F., & López-Ruiz, M. (2020) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731419898330 · Cited by 18
“However, the framework developed for precarious employment constitutes a useful alternative for its study.(17) This framework shows mainly precarious employment but also other employment conditions like informal employment, along with their relationships with working conditions and health status.”
BackgroundDevillanova, C., Raitano, M., & Struffolino, E. (2019) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2019.40.47 · Cited by 28
“…1379 Evidence indicates a negative association between NSE and health problems, SRH, and psychological distress (Griep et al. 2016; Benach et al. 2014; Cottini and Lucifora 2013; Quesnel-Vallée, DeHaney, and Ciampi 2010; Robone, Jones, and Rice 2011), although the findings suggest…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMilner, A. J., LaMontagne, A. D., Spittal, M. J., Pirkis, J., & Currier, D. (2018) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxy024 · Cited by 23
Spanish validation of the Job Insecurity Scale JIS‐8: Viability of the cognitive and affective model
Llosa, J. A., Menéndez-espina, S., Rodríguez-Suárez, J., Agulló-tomás, E., & Boada-Grau, J. (2017) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2017.59 · Cited by 18
“This agrees with the fact that job insecurity is currently a complex and growing phenomenon (De Witte, Vander Elst, & De Cuyper, 2015) related to a more fl exible labour relationship established in the fi nancial post-crisis framework (Benach et al., 2014).”
Studying Stress in the Twenty-First-Century: An Update of Stress Concepts and Research
Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316471289.013 · Cited by 24
Pförtner, T.-K., & Schmidt-Catran, A. W. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww218 · Cited by 18
“Examining the association between in-work poverty and health is highly relevant for public health and social policy research because it exemplifies the burdens and threats of workers being unable to attain or maintain a minimally acceptable way of life in the society in which they live (19).”
BackgroundBurr, H., Rauch, A., Rose, U., Tisch, A., & Tophoven, S. (2014) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0999-5 · Cited by 18
“First, it can be anticipated that the current employment status is part of an employment trajectory (Benach et al. 2014; Vosko 2006) which is thought to negatively affect health at advanced working age (Kessing et al.”
BackgroundPrecarious Employment: An Overlooked Determinant of Workers’ Health and Well-Being?
Vanroelen, C., Julià, M., & Aerden, K. V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74128-0_12 · Cited by 34
Self-citationWork time reduction via a 4-day workweek finds improvements in workers’ well-being
Fan, W., Schor, J. B., Kelly, O., & Gu, G. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02259-6 · Cited by 34
Lu, Z., Wang, S., Ling, W., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116281 · Cited by 24
Job quality and precarious employment among lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers: A national study
Kinitz, D. J., Shahidi, F., & Ross, L. E. (2023) · SSM: Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101535 · Cited by 17
“…Relationship ’ and highlights how flexible (or non-standard) and precarious employment deviate from this model employment relationship, particularly with respect to income, security, rights, and protections (Benach et al., 2014; Kreshpaj et al., 2020; Tompa et al., 2007; Vanroelen, 2019).”
BackgroundAssociation between Precarious Employment and BMI in the United States
Oddo, V., Zhuang, C., Dugan, J. A., Andrea, S. B., Hajat, A., Peckham, T., & Jones-Smith, J. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23591 · Cited by 17
Bastianelli, E., & Vignoli, D. (2021) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-021-09678-z · Cited by 20
Edmonds, A. T., Sears, J., O’Connor, A. W., & Peckham, T. (2021) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.23254 · Cited by 17
Nielsen, H. B., Gregersen, L. S., Bach, E. S., Dyreborg, J., Ilsøe, A., Larsen, T. P., Pape, K., Pedersen, J., & Garde, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12251 · Cited by 18
Precariousness on the Swedish labour market: A theoretical and empirical account
Gauffin, K. (2020) · The Economic and Labour Relations Review · doi:10.1177/1035304620919206 · Cited by 21
“Sometimes discussed in rather loose terms as ‘globalisation’ or ‘economic crises’, other studies refer more explicitly to increasing global competition, the expansion of financial capitalism, labour market deregulation and the rise of neoliberalism (Benach et al., 2014; Caldbick et al., 2014; Julia et al., 2017; Quinl…”
BackgroundGhezzi, V., Probst, T. M., Петитта, Л., Ciampa, V., Ronchetti, M., Tecco, C. D., Iavicoli, S., & Barbaranelli, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103611 · Cited by 21
“Compared to permanent employees, individuals with a contingent employment status often report poorer physical health [59,60], poorer psychological adjustment [61,62], poorer health and safety at work [63,64], and they typically experience greaterrole ambiguity under poorer working conditions [65].”
BackgroundNon-Standard Workers Have Poorer Physical and Mental Health Than Standard Workers.
Ahn, J., Kim, N., Lee, B.-K., Park, J., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001682 · Cited by 17
“Temporary workers experience numerous adverse occupational safety and health (OSH) problems, such as increased rates of injuries.(7,8) Temporary work is also associated with poor physical and mental health and increased exposures to hazards.”
BackgroundGlobalization and health: political grand challenges
Schrecker, T. (2019) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1607768 · Cited by 19
“linked to continuously declining labour rights’ (Blanton, Blanton, & Peksen, 2015) – important in view of the role of such rights as a safeguard against the hazardous working conditions and precarious employment that are now widely recognized as social determinants of (ill) health (Benach et al., 2014; McKee et al., 2…”
BackgroundWon, G., Park, J. B., Lee, K., Ha, R., Lee, S.-H., & Jeong, I. (2019) · Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e13 · Cited by 17
Precarious work and the risk of receiving a disability pension
Ojala, S., & Pyöriä, P. J. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494818804106 · Cited by 22
The effects of changes in job insecurity on daily consumption and major life decisions
Lozza, E., Castiglioni, C., & Bonanomi, A. G. (2017) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x17731611 · Cited by 23
Informal employment in high-income countries for a health inequalities research: A scoping review
Julià, M., Tarafa, G., O'Campo, P. J., Muntaner, C., Jódar, P., & Benach, J. (2016) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-152176 · Cited by 18
“Another term commonly used to refer to non-standard employment is precarious employment [49], due to some similarities.”
Self-citationMental health challenges of recent immigrants in precarious work environments — a qualitative study
Shankar, J., Chen, S., Lai, D. W. L., Joseph, S., Narayanan, R., Suleman, Z., Ali, H. M. A., & Kharat, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1428276 · Cited by 18
Precarious Employment: A Neglected Issue Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Workers
Kinitz, D. J., Shahidi, F. V., Kia, H., MacKinnon, K. R., MacEachen, E., Gesink, D., & Ross, L. E. (2024) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-024-00950-3 · Cited by 20
“…mental health and include mental illness, psychological stress, occupational injury, and increased rates of chronic disease (Benach & Muntaner, 2007; Benach et al., 2014; Blustein et al., 2023; Kalleberg & Vallas, 2018; Lewchuk et al., 2008; Muntaner et al., 2010; Sverke et al., 2002; Vosko, 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-03-18
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 229-253
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- OpenAlex
- W2110313855
- Cited by
- 1,354
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 126 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- precarious employment, social determinants of health, flexible employment, health disparities, health equity, working conditions, labour market policy, health policy evaluation
- MeSH terms
- Employment, Health Services, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Politics, Public Assistance, Global Health, Epidemiologic Research Design, Epidemiologic Studies, Health Status Disparities, Economic Recession, Social Determinants of Health
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