Cited by 1,354Employment and Welfare StudiesEmployment, Labor, and Gender StudiesPublic Health and Social Inequalities

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Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health

Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C.·2014·Annual Review of Public Health

DOI 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500

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Abstract

Employment precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in "flexible employment" and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs that effectively put an end to its health-related impacts.

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“Additionally, working in unstable jobs is strongly linked with increased illnesses, declines in self-rated health, and the emergence of cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and high blood pressure (Benach et al. 2014).”
Influential
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Precarious employment in early adulthood and later mental health problems: a register-linked cohort study
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“Other aspects of temporary and precarious employment conditions (Benach et al., 2014) can result in pay increases from additional hours worked that may threaten public insurance eligibility and lead to coverage gaps among children insured by public programs.”
Background
Sustainable Employability of Emergency Nurses: The Effects of Precarious Work and Mental Toughness on Capabilities and Mental Health
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“In particular, unstable employment trajectories are underrepresented even though they constitute a common employment pathway for women from lower social classes, and predict lower health (Benach et al., 2014).”
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“The latter, with attendant economic insecurity and anxiety, have been shown to be equally or more consequential for how people receive and use economic information (Benach et al. 2014; Knight and Mehta 2017).”
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More than Money? Job Quality and Food Insecurity among Employed Lone Mother Households in the United States
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“However, it is important to note that multiple studies have documented that low quality employment leads to poor health (see Benach et al .”
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“…Job insecurity; self-efficacy; workplace learning; conservation of resources theory; latent class growth analysis; person-centred approach The labour market has become increasingly volatile, causing more and more employees to worry about their future work situation (Benach et al., 2014).”
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“The rise of precarious employment is recognized as having significant effects upon those affected and is related to these broader historical, political, and economic contingencies, all of which impact upon work, community, and family (Benach et al. 2014).”
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Precarious employment, business performance and occupational injuries: a study protocol of a register-based Swedish project
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“Des épidémiologistes ont mis au point une série de mesures qui cherchent à cerner les paramètres de l’emploi précaire (Benach et al., 2014) et de la vulnérabilité des personnes aux travail (Smith et al.”
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Global, Regional, and National Burden of Neck Pain in Young Population, 1990–2021: An Age–Period–Cohort Analysis and Projections to 2050 Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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“43 At the same time, the fragmentation of medical insurance has made the out-of-pocket payment rate of informal employment group as high as 70%, further inhibiting the medical treatment rate.”
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‘How can you worry about employment and survival at the same time?’: employment and mental health among precariously employed cisgender and transgender sexual minority adult men in Toronto, Canada
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“Work is a key social determinant of health that is often overlooked in sexual and gender minority (i.e. lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people) health research (Benach et al. 2014).”
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“36 37 – 39 These workers may elect to not participate in voluntary respiratory health screenings regardless of the ease of access, to prioritize stability and job security in the short term.”
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Trajectories of Unpaid Labour and the Probability of Employment Precarity and Labour Force Detachment Among Prime Working-Age Australian Women
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“Crucially, this exposure to PE not only has lasting economic consequences for women, but also poses significant risks for health and wellbeing (Benach et al., 2014).”
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Job insecurity and health and well-being: What happens when you really need or love your job?
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“…somatization, and hostility (Cheng and Chan, 2008; Kuhnert et al., 1989; Pollard, 2001; Sverke et al., 2002) along with poor population health, societal inequities, and organizational deterioration (Benach et al., 2014; Burgard et al., 2009; Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt, 2010; Reisel et al., 2005).”
Laws, Policies, and Collective Agreements Protecting Low-wage and Digital Platform Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“18,19 For this reason, the European Union (EU) proposed a directive for collective agreements for “ solo-self-employed ” in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, which was introduced in 2017 20 and builds on the concept of “ decent work ” ﬁ rst coined by the International Labour…”
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The impact of economic deregulation for health disparities among Gulf of Mexico commercial fishermen
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Explaining the Occupational Structure of Depressive Symptoms: Precarious Work and Social Marginality across European Countries
Macmillan, R., & Shanahan, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465211072309 · Cited by 11
“…undefined and often short(er) duration—and showed that precarious employment in general was associated with poorer psychological well-being but also that there is considerable heterogeneity in effects depending on operationalization, sample, and model/methodology (see review in Benach et al. 2014).”
Background
What do we know about the impact of economic recessions on mortality inequalities? A critical review
Benach, J., Padilla‐Pozo, Á., Martínez‐Herrera, E., Molina‐Betancur, J. C., Gutiérrez, M., Pericàs, J. M., Gutiérrez-Zamora, M., & Zografos, C. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114733 · Cited by 12
“…should also analyze in more detail the associations between precarious employment and mortality inequalities during economic recessions, as evidence shows that precarious male workers have a higher mortality risk than non-precarious (Benach et al., 2014; Juli ` a et al., 2017; Gray et al., 2021).”
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“Previous studies have demonstrated a connection between precarious employment and general and cause-specific poor health [4,11,12].”
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Examining the Impact of Two Dimensions of Precarious Employment, Vulnerability and Insecurity on the Self-Reported Health of Men, Women and Migrants in Australia
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“A review of studies found that the anticipation of losing a job or feeling that the job may be temporary were most closely associated with increases in risk factors for adverse health as well as actual adverse changes in health [15].”
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Development of the Healthy Work Collaborative: Findings From an Action Research Study to Inform a Policy, Systems, and Environmental Change Capacity-Building Initiative Addressing Precarious Employment
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“…based on concepts and questions from the literature on capacity building (Dombrowski et al., 2013; Kegler et al., 2015), practices and policy change activities (Benach et al., 2014; Leeman et al., 2012), communication (Lyn et al., 2013), and partnership (Freudenberg et al., 2015) initiatives.”
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Factors associated with employment and work perception in combat-exposed veterans.
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“There are many psychological and physical health benefits associated with employment, as well as greater financial/economic stability (Benach et al., 2014; McKee-Ryan, Song, Wanberg, & Kinicki, 2005).”
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Invited Commentary: Linking Job Security and Mental Health—Challenges and Future Directions
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Employment and Labor Market Results of the SOPHIE Project
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“The ‘‘employment quality’’ model is related to the multi-dimensional ‘‘employment precariousness’’ model of Benach and colleagues.(12) However, the precarious employment model focuses solely on ‘‘precarious’’ employment characteristics, while the employment quality model tries to capture the whole labor market range o…”
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“[25] write that the “global increase of flexible employment relations”, “higher levels of job insecurity”, “erosion of workers’ employment and working conditions”, and “limited workplace rights and social protection” have led to precarious employment as an emerging social determinant of health.”
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“For example, precarious work (e.g. job insecurity, job loss and temporary work), which women more often engage in, was found to negatively impact their mental health (Benach et al., 2014; Padrosa et al., 2022.”

Authors: Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., & Muntaner, C.
Affiliations: Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
ORCID: Benach, J.
Vives, A.
Amable, M.
Vanroelen, C.
Tarafa, G.
Muntaner, C.
Venue: Annual Review of Public Health
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2014-03-18
Volume: 35
Issue: 1
Pages: 229-253
ISSN: 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
1545-2093
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500
OpenAlex: W2110313855
Cited by: 1,354
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 126 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 120 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 9.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Employment, Labor, and Gender Studies
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Keywords: precarious employment, social determinants of health, flexible employment, health disparities, health equity, working conditions, labour market policy, health policy evaluation
MeSH terms: Employment, Health Services, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Politics, Public Assistance, Global Health, Epidemiologic Research Design, Epidemiologic Studies, Health Status Disparities, Economic Recession, Social Determinants of Health

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Precarious Employment: Understanding an Emerging Social Determinant of Health

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