The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 98 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts
Open accessAbstract
Ambient heat exposure is a well-known health hazard, which reduces human performance and work capacity at heat levels already common in tropical and subtropical areas. Various health problems have been reported. Increasing heat exposure during the hottest seasons of each year is a key feature of global climate change. Heat exhaustion and reduced human performance are often overlooked in climate change health impact analysis. Later this century, many among the four billion people who live in hot areas worldwide will experience significantly reduced work capacity owing to climate change. In some areas, 30-40% of annual daylight hours will become too hot for work to be carried out. The social and economic impacts will be considerable, with global gross domestic product (GDP) losses greater than 20% by 2100. The analysis to date is piecemeal. More analysis of climate change-related occupational health impact assessments is greatly needed.
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Claims the paper makes
30 No full text of the sources · 23 Own interpretation · 19 No basis given · 15 Sources not found · 9 Partly supported · 8 Supported · 6 Own result · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Ambient heat exposure is a well-known health hazard, which reduces human performance and work capacity at heat levels already common in tropical and subtropical areas.”
- Also stated in: § HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD · plain
“Physiological effects also act to reduce human performance and work capacity (4, 41).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Bridger RS, 2003 source
- Supportedcites [41] Kjellstrom T, 2009, Glob. Health Action source
The Results state that workers in countries with very hot seasons are already exposed to excessive workplace heat and that work capacity rapidly falls as heat exposure rises. The section on worker productivity also reports reduced performance with increased heat exposure, including in tropical settings. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD · plain
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Heavy labor in hot humid environments is therefore a particularly serious health risk (41).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] Kjellstrom T, 2009, Glob. Health Action source
The paper’s ‘Physiological and clinical impacts of heat stress’ section says that high physical activity in a hot working environment risks heat exhaustion or heat stroke. It also identifies humidity as a factor in body heat balance, supporting the hot, humid condition in the claim. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Factory and workshop buildings in hot low-income countries often have no air-conditioning or other effective cooling systems (38).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [38] 38. Kjellstrom T. 2009. Editorial: Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries. Glob. Health Action 2: doi: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.1958 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text (page unavailable) describes manufacturing work without air-conditioning and crowded cottage-industry work in hot tropical countries. It does not establish that factory and workshop buildings often lack other effective cooling systems. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Millions of workers in these countries, who often produce low-price clothes, shoes, furniture, and other consumer products for sale in high-income countries, may experience extreme heat exposures on a regular basis.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [38] 38. Kjellstrom T. 2009. Editorial: Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries. Glob. Health Action 2: doi: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.1958 source
The main text (page unavailable) says heavy labour is common in unair-conditioned agriculture, construction and manufacturing in hot tropical countries, particularly during the hottest seasons. It also says heat exposures affect workers in low- and middle-income countries and that rising heat exposure will particularly affect poor people in labouring occupations. These passages support the hedged claim that millions of workers may face severe heat exposure regularly. (LLM, conf=0.83)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The estimated reductions at the population level varied between 0.2% for Australasia and 18.6% for Central America.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 3 (Figures and Tables; page unavailable) reports 0.2% for Australasia and 18.6% for Central Latin America under the A2 scenario in the 2050s. But these are not the full range of regional reductions in that column: Southern Latin America is 0.1%, and some regions show no loss or a gain. The sentence also omits the scenario and period. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same over the study period.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Gross domestic product increased over the study period.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“WBGT levels in full sun during hot afternoons in tropical areas are ∼2-3 • C (36-37 • F) hotter than the in-shade values (43).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [43] source
In the section comparing afternoon WBGT in sun and shade, the paper reports an annual average outdoor-minus-indoor difference of 2.6°C and uses 3°C as an approximate estimate. It also says monthly differences were mainly 2–4°C, so the cited 2–3°C is a reasonable approximation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Using the WBGT index and the international standard (34) for safe work, Kjellstrom et al. (42) made quantitative, worldwide estimates of the impacts of increasing workplace heat on global and regional populations as a result of climate change.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [42] source
The Methods describe using climate-model data and WBGT–work-ability relationships to estimate climate-related labour-productivity losses for populations across 21 world regions. The Introduction identifies international heat-safety standards based on WBGT, and the Methods say the work-ability relationship used ILO and NIOSH standards. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. ISO (Int. Stand. Org.). 1989. Hot environments - estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO Stand. 7243. ISO, Geneva
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same over the study period.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Gross domestic product increased over the study period.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results showed that climate change between 1975 (as the median year of the period for which climate data were used) and 2050 would reduce the available work hours in all regions.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (page unavailable) use 1961–1990 as the baseline and 2040–2069 as the 2050s period, so the dates are reasonable midpoints. Table 3 (Figures and Tables; page unavailable) projects more work time lost in every region under an A2 sensitivity analysis that holds labour patterns constant. The claim omits that condition: Table 2, which allows labour patterns to change, projects gains or no additional loss in some regions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same over the study period.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Gross domestic product increased over the study period.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“the impact of air movements on heat stress varies little at speeds above ∼1 m/s (50).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [50] source
The “Globe temperature Tg” section says WBGT depends strongly on wind speed at low speeds, but changes only slightly above 1 m/s. It gives an increase from 1 to 5 m/s as producing at most a 5% increase in WBGT, supporting the claim about this heat-stress index. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Figure 2 indicates, heat exposures over this recent period were sufficient to affect work activities in most of the tropical and subtropical zones.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Adverse health effects due to exposures to excessive ambient heat (termed here heat exposure) already occur in many parts of the world, not only during heat waves but also due to the need for intensive manual work in hot daily conditions (41).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [41] Kjellstrom T, 2009, Glob. Health Action source
The Physiological and clinical impacts of heat stress section (page not specified) describes heat exhaustion, heat stroke and other health risks from physical work in hot environments. The Impacts of workplace heat exposure on clinical health section reports heat-related deaths among workers, while the modelling section describes high heat exposure during ordinary hot-season workdays, not just heat waves. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Determining the effects of excessive heat on the learning ability of schoolchildren is also important, although to date this has been the subject of very little research (13).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [13] 13. Dapi LN, Rocklov J, Nguefack-Tsague G, Tetanye E, Kjellstrom T. 2010. Heat impact on schoolchildren in Cameroon, Africa: potential health threat from climate change. Glob. Health Action 3: doi: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5610 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links high classroom temperatures to possible effects on school performance and calls for further longitudinal research. The paper says it knows of no study of daily heat exposure among Cameroonian schoolchildren, but does not establish that heat’s effects on schoolchildren’s learning have received very little research generally; it cites earlier classroom studies. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Physical work capacity is taken into account in international and national standards for heat protection at work (64), but cognitive or psychological performance effects are considered primarily in terms of human comfort (29).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Parsons K, 2014 source
- Partly supportedcites [29] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says occupational heat-exposure standards are based fundamentally on medical and physiological criteria, supporting the implication that cognitive performance is not a primary basis for those standards. It does not say that cognitive or psychological effects are considered primarily in terms of human comfort; that part of the clause cited to this paper is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Only three studies have explored these functions in studies of people carrying out their usual daily work, all showing increasing levels of productivity loss with increased heat stress (59,70,88).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
- Supportedcites [70] source
This paper is one of the cited studies of people doing their usual work: the Study design describes rice harvesters’ hourly output measured alongside workplace heat. The Discussion reports that productivity decreased as heat exposure increased, and the Conclusions estimate a roughly 5% productivity reduction per 1°C increase in WBGT. The citation supports this study as an example, rather than independently establishing the sentence’s count of three studies. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other highly affected regions were Southeast Asia (18.2%),West Africa (15.8%),Central Africa (15.4%),Oceania (15.2%), the Caribbean (11.7%), and South Asia (11.5%).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [42] source
Table 3 (Figures and Tables; page not provided) gives all six percentages for the named regions. They are modeled incremental percentages of workdays lost under the A2 scenario in the 2050s, with labour patterns held constant; the citing sentence does not state that context. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same over the study period.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Gross domestic product increased over the study period.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The WBGT was designed to represent heat effects on working people and has been used as a heat exposure index in the few occupational epidemiology studies available (59,70,88) and more generally in studies of occupational health.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Yaglou CP, 1957, AMA Arch. Ind. Health
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
- Supportedcites [70] source
The citation is attached to the statement that WBGT has been used as a heat-exposure index in occupational studies. In Environmental parameters (pp. 424–431), this study measures WBGT in rice harvesters’ fields and uses it to analyse work productivity alongside cardiovascular strain. It therefore serves as an example of the cited use; the citation is not attached to the separate statement about why WBGT was designed. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A more recent study examined likely changes in work capacity for an average worker in Southeast Asia (43) using the Wyndham (88) productivity loss data.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [43] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Heat related loss of hourly work capacity and labour productivity” section says the authors used Wyndham’s productivity-loss data, and the “Maps of work capacity and labour productivity loss” section applies those relationships to projected conditions in South-East Asia through 2050. The paper models moderate and heavy work under specified heat and sun exposures, not an average worker representing the region. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“More than 30 heat indexes have been developed (20), differing both in the input variables they use and in the way their effects are parameterized.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] source
In “Indices for Assessing Heat Stress,” the paper says that about 40 indices are listed in Table 3, supporting “more than 30.” The same section distinguishes indices by the variables they incorporate and by whether they use heat-balance calculations, measures of strain, or direct environmental measurements, supporting the paraphrase about differing inputs and parameterization. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The in-shade or indoor values can also be calculated from routine weather station data using mathematical formulas (2,50,51).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] source
- Supportedcites [50] source
The Introduction says the paper assesses methods for calculating WBGT from readily available weather-station variables. The Results and Discussion identifies a method for calculating indoor WBGT, and Components in Calculations of WBGT defines the same WBGT measure for indoors and outdoors in the shade. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moderate labor in the sun faces smaller losses (about 15%), and labor in the shade or indoors face even lower levels.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [43] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Maps of work capacity and labour productivity loss’ section reports less severe restrictions for moderate work than for heavy work and greater losses in the sun than in the shade or indoors. It does not support a general loss of about 15% for moderate work in the sun: in the hottest locations it reports up to 50% rest time in 1975 and more than 50% work time lost by 2050. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results projected a total global GDP loss of US$2.1 trillion (PPP $) for 2030.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] DARA, 2012
- Could not verifycites [42] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion estimates potential GDP losses for a region under a 2080 scenario, while the Results and tables report regional labour-productivity projections. Searches for DARA, US$2.1 trillion, PPP and a 2030 global GDP-loss estimate found no passage addressing the attributed projection; the cited paper does not verify that figure. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Air-conditioning or other cooling systems can reduce the heat effects of indoor work, but the cost and sustainability of any cooling system will influence the extent of its application (52).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [52] source
The Introduction identifies air conditioning as a solution to increasing indoor temperatures, which the paper links to impaired work productivity. Section 7.2 says investment costs can hinder cooling-system development and that economics frequently drives energy choices; Section 6 discusses sustainability and the factors shaping cooling alternatives. Together, these support the claim that cooling can mitigate indoor heat but cost and sustainability affect its use. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Heavy labor in the sun is most affected and, in 2050, would face a 29% loss of annual work hours.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [43] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Maps of work capacity and labour productivity loss’ section projects particularly severe losses for heavy work in the sun in 2050. But its figure concerns afternoon working hours in March, with losses up to 80% or more in the hottest locations; our copy does not give a 29% loss of annual work hours. (LLM, conf=0.89)
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of work capacity loss varies both by job intensity (activity level) and by environment (shade or sun).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The areas with the greatest risk in 2085 remain the same (Amazon region, West Africa, Arab Gulf area, Pakistan, North India, Indonesia, and parts of China), but substantial reductions in work capacity are apparent in the southeast United States, parts of Europe, Africa, and the rest of India and China.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The social and economic impacts will be considerable, with global gross domestic product (GDP) losses greater than 20% by 2100.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Heat exhaustion and reduced human performance are often overlooked in climate change health impact analysis.”
- Also stated in: § HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD · plain
“These outcomes have been overlooked in several international reviews of climate change effects (e.g., 12, 83, 86)”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD · plain
In the paper
“Climate change (10) will increase both the incidence and the severity of these effects.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [10] Collins M, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in hot conditions, work capacity falls, leading to a decrease of labor productivity.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As little as 20% of metabolic energy used by muscles contributes to the muscular external work output (64); the remainder of energy used becomes waste heat and needs to be released from the body into the external environment if a rise in the core body temperature from the normal 37 • C is to be avoided.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Parsons K, 2014 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When hourly WBGT exceeds 26 • C (79 • F), hourly work capacity is reduced in heavy-labor jobs, and above 32 • C (90 • F), any work activity is made difficult (34).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. ISO (Int. Stand. Org.). 1989. Hot environments - estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO Stand. 7243. ISO, Geneva
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The southeast and southwest United States are also at risk on the basis of these values unless effects can be reduced by technologies such as air-conditioning.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In all of Europe, as many as 70,000 heat-related deaths may have occurred during this heat wave (69)”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Elderly people and individuals with impaired health are especially vulnerable, but heat stroke also occurs among workers who perform heavy labor in hot conditions with potentially wider social and economic implications (64).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Parsons K, 2014 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“more than 1,000 additional deaths (as compared to the same weeks in preceding years) in the age range 20-70 years occurred during the two weeks of extreme heat in France in August 2003 (32).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. Hemon D, Jougla E. 2003. Excess mortality associated with heat wave in August 2003 ( Surmortalité liée à la canicule d'août 2003 - Rapport d'étape ). Tech. Rep. to the Minist. of Health, Family and Disabled Pers. (Rapp. remis au Minist. de la Santé, de la Famille et des Pers. Handicap.), Sept. 25. INSERM, Paris. (in French)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure-response relationships are available for some of these effects, but the evidence is limited and not always suitable for quantitative analysis.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reports on heat stroke deaths among agricultural workers in the United States [∼30 deaths each year (9)]”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9] CDC (Cent. Dis. Control Prev.), 2008, MMWR Weekly
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mechanization clearly offers a substitute for human labor in many agricultural activities (74), but this solution requires economic resources and access to a suitable energy supply and is often beyond the financial capacity of agricultural communities in most developing countries.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Sims BG, 2006
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In high humidity conditions, however, sweat evaporation is insufficient, and other physiological changes cannot prevent the core body temperature from rising to a dangerous level, beyond 39 • C (102 • F) (4).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Bridger RS, 2003 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The fact that most of the deaths in this age range were among men suggests that the impacts may have been at least partly due to excess heat exposures during work (though no analysis has been done).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > HEAT STRESS AS A HEALTH AND SOCIAL HAZARD
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32] 32. Hemon D, Jougla E. 2003. Excess mortality associated with heat wave in August 2003 ( Surmortalité liée à la canicule d'août 2003 - Rapport d'étape ). Tech. Rep. to the Minist. of Health, Family and Disabled Pers. (Rapp. remis au Minist. de la Santé, de la Famille et des Pers. Handicap.), Sept. 25. INSERM, Paris. (in French)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduced work performance and resultant losses of income and nutrition are also important and may lead to further adverse health effects caused by the loss of income.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all these reasons, the impacts of climate change on work capacity and on economic productivity are sensitive to adaptation measures and are thus difficult to estimate with confidence.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“It has also been widely proposed in both national (e.g., 1) and international (34) guidelines and standards and has been extensively tested in laboratories and in the field by the US army (26).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] ACGIH (Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg.), 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. ISO (Int. Stand. Org.). 1989. Hot environments - estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO Stand. 7243. ISO, Geneva
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [26] Goldman RF, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, working people usually move their arms and legs, generating their own air movement over their skin (∼1 meter per second).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, effects of undernutrition and mental stresses (Table 1) may take years to manifest.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cardiac arrest may also occur in a short time in people with preexisting heart conditions.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Both studies make assumptions about adaptations to climate change and the effects of susceptibility to heat stress, and both rely on epidemiological data from studies of prolonged heat waves, mainly in North America and Europe.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [55] McMichael AJ, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [27] Hales S, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Results indicated that whereas an average person, acclimatized to heat, could safely carry out physical activity or manual labor outdoors during all but one day per year in the 1990s, climate change would increase the number of days with dangerous heat exposure to 15-26 days per year by the 2070s (53).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] source
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the physiological relationships between the environment, behavior, and modifiers of heat stress are well known (4) and were taken into account when international standards were developed for heat stress (e.g., 34,64).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Bridger RS, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. ISO (Int. Stand. Org.). 1989. Hot environments - estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO Stand. 7243. ISO, Geneva
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Parsons K, 2014 source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In low-income tropical countries, for example, indoor heat exposures would be similar to those experienced outdoors in shade owing to the lack of air-conditioning.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The recent IPCC assessment of human health effects (75) highlighted this issue, but no quantitative analysis was included.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] 75. Smith KR, Woodward A, Campbell-Lendrum D, Chadee DD, Honda Y, et al. 2014. Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. See Ref. 21, pp. 709–54 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Heat exhaustion, for example, may set in after less than an hour of exposure in extreme conditions (high temperature and humidity and intense work).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These breaks provide workers with the opportunity to cool down and recover optimum function (and thus work capacity), but these breaks do reduce work time and possibly daily labor productivity.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The studies are not directly comparable, however; whereas the last two were based on moderate metabolic rates (300W), the study by Nag & Nag (59) related to low rates (light labor, 200W), though even so, the increasing trend with increasing heat exposure was still apparent (44).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] source
- Not matchedcites [44] 44. Kjellstrom T, Lemke B, Otto M, Hyatt O, Dear K. 2014. Occupational heat stress. Tech. Rep. 2014: 4. Health Environ. Int. Trust, Mapua, New Zealand. http://www.climatechip.org/sites/default/files/publications/TP2014_4_Occupational_Heat_Stress_WHO.pdf
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most indexes estimate comfort levels, and few have analyzed the situation in very hot tropical environments.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > METHODS TO QUANTIFY HEALTH IMPACTS OF HEAT
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In already hot locations in low-income communities, the opportunities for other adaptations than reduction in work intensity are very slim.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > EFFECTS OF INTENSE HEAT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A shift in the workforce distribution away from physically demanding jobs to less ardent service jobs will make these reductions smaller, and use of heat-protection methods (adaptation) will reduce them further; however, in some countries, significant reductions in labor productivity will likely remain.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By 2100, the reductions in the hottest month may reach 37% based on RCP8.5 and 20% based on RCP4.5 (18).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These costs will be distributed unevenly across the world, with tropical regions experiencing the greatest impacts and poor communities bearing the brunt of the effects.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another study of the worldwide impacts of workplace heat on working people was published by Dunne et al. (18).Their analysis focused on the loss of labor productivity during the hottest months in each part of the world over the period 1975-2200, using estimated WBGT levels together with the US national (1) and international (34) standards for safe work intensities at various WBGT levels.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Not matchedcites [1] ACGIH (Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg.), 2009
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [34] 34. ISO (Int. Stand. Org.). 1989. Hot environments - estimation of the heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). ISO Stand. 7243. ISO, Geneva
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the economic losses without climate change mitigation and heat adaptation are likely to be substantial in many affected countries and, at the global level, may be counted in trillions of USDs.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The individual economic losses due to heat were US$655 per person, which translates to an economic burden totaling US$6.2 billion in Australia.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plainstates a causen = 1,726- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A second, more recent global analysis using annual average temperatures and national GDP for different countries (7) concluded that as much as 23% of global GDP in 2100 will be lost owing to climate change.”
- Also stated in: § ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES · plain
“Reduced labor productivity due to increasing heat was just one of a number of causes considered.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS · plain
“and another loss of 23% of global GDP in 2100.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a percentage of the national GDP, losses varied markedly and were greatest in tropical low-or middle-income countries (e.g., 0.0% in the United Kingdom and Japan, 0.2% in the United States, 0.8% in China, 3.2% in India, 6.0% in Indonesia and Thailand, and 6.4% in Nigeria and Ghana) (14,39).”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14] DARA, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] 39. Kjellstrom T. 2015. Impact of climate conditions on occupational health and related economic losses: a new feature of global and urban health in the context of climate change. Asia-Pac. J. Public Health. doi: 10.1177/1010539514568711 source
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“By 2200, very significant further changes in work capacity are projected for the hottest month based on RCP8.5 (as high as 61% reduction during the hottest month), and the annual work capacity loss is 12% using the industrial threshold limit (safety standard) for light labor”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without effective adaptation measures, workers engaged in heavy labor or working in humid and poorly ventilated conditions face increased risks of heat stress and are likely to suffer reduced performance and work capacity as consequences.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimates of the related global reductions in GDP project a loss of US$2 trillion per year by 2030”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although some of these areas have low populations (e.g., parts of the Amazon and Australia), the majority have a high population density, implying that large numbers of people will be affected.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In situations where full adaptation to the increased heat levels cannot be implemented, labor productivity will diminish, with potentially large economic consequences.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change during the twenty-first century will result in increased exposures to intense heat in many parts of the world.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another analysis of labor productivity loss for the United States (47) was based on a single study of US time-use patterns in relation to daily heat conditions.The analysis reported a reduction in the proportion of time applied to work during the hottest months in most of the United States and presented the results in terms of economic losses.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Kopp R, 2014 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same over the study period.
“Analysis was based on the assumptions that the mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same and that gross domestic product (GDP) increased over the study period .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Gross domestic product increased over the study period.
“Analysis was based on the assumptions that the mixture of jobs outdoors/indoors and at different work intensities stayed the same and that gross domestic product (GDP) increased over the study period .”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Agricultural workers in low-income tropical countries may be assumed to be working in full sun during hotter periods of the day.
“Agricultural workers in these countries may be assumed to be working in full sun during hotter periods of the day (e.g., afternoon), though they may seek shelter in the shade when possible.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No change in heat adaptation takes place.
“assuming that no change in heat adaptation takes place”
The paper relies on this without support.
The application of the physiological basis for reduction in human performance and work capacity in assessments of climate change impacts has so far been piecemeal.
“The physiological basis for the reduction in human performance and work capacity is well known, but the application in assessments of climate change impacts has, so far, been piecemeal.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Kjellstrom (2016) [35] reports many such direct impacts of heat on workers performing heavy labor, such as in the construction industry, including mortality due to cardiovascular conditions.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Excessive occupational heat stress not only affects the individual, but also influences work productivity and performance, and even the local economy [14,15].”
From Effects of Heat Stress on Construction Labor Productivity in Hong Kong: A Case Study of Rebar Workers (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Accompanied by high humidity, sweat evaporation is greatly reduced resulting in the rising of the core body temperature to potentially dangerous levels (>39 °C or 102 °F) [35,36].”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In ambient heat at or above 34–37 °C (93–99 °F), the only method of heat loss from the body is through evaporation of sweat.”
From Assessing Heat Stress and Health among Construction Workers in a Changing Climate: A Review (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > CONCLUSIONS
“Estimates of the related global reductions in GDP project a loss of US$2 trillion per year by 2030 and another loss of 23% of global GDP in 2100.”
§ Heat, Human Performance, and Occupational Health: A Key Issue for the Assessment of Global Climate Change Impacts > ASSESSMENTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED HEAT STRESS IMPACTS IN WORKPLACES
“A second, more recent global analysis using annual average temperatures and national GDP for different countries (7) concluded that as much as 23% of global GDP in 2100 will be lost owing to climate change.Reduced labor productivity due to increasing heat was just one of a number of causes considered.”
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A Planetary Health Perspective on Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa
Rosenstock, T. S., Dawson, I. K., Aynekulu, E., Chomba, S., Degrande, A., Fornace, K., Jamnadass, R., Kimaro, A. A., Kindt, R., Lamanna, C. A., et al. (2019) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.10.017 · Cited by 185
“risk factor for ill health andmortality from cardiovascular and respiratory illness, heatstroke, heat exhaustion, organ failure including kidney damage, heat-related injuries, cognitive decline, and mood changes.(119,120) Outdoor agricultural workers in Sub-Saharan Africa are especially vulnerable due to low levels of…”
BackgroundEconomic costs of heat-induced reductions in worker productivity due to global warming
Orlov, A., Sillmann, J., Aunan, K., Kjellstrom, T. E., & Aaheim, A. (2020) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102087 · Cited by 154
Self-citationWorking on a WARMER planet The impact of heat stress on labour productivity and decent work
Arbeitsamt, I. (2023) · Climate Change and Law Collection · doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2019-0196-546 · Cited by 151
Yi, W., & Chan, A. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14091055 · Cited by 147
“Excessive occupational heat stress not only affects the individual, but also influences work productivity and performance, and even the local economy [14,15].”
BackgroundUpholding labour productivity under climate change: an assessment of adaptation options
Day, E., Fankhauser, S., Kingsmill, N., Costa, H., & Mavrogianni, A. (2018) · Climate Policy · doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1517640 · Cited by 151
“Other prominent literature reviews of the link between heat and labour productivity include Hallegatte et al. (2016), Kjellstrom et al. (2016) and Heal and Park (2016).”
BackgroundMatthews, T. K. R. (2018) · Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment · doi:10.1177/0309133318776490 · Cited by 152
Occupational heat stress and economic burden: A review of global evidence
Borg, M., Xiang, J., Anikeeva, O., Pisaniello, D., Hansen, A. L., Zander, K. K., Dear, K. B. G., Sim, M. R., & Bi, P. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110781 · Cited by 149
Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Aghamohammadi, N., Aghazadeh, S., & Sulaiman, N. M. N. (2017) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.026 · Cited by 138
“Similarly reported in previous studies, the effect of temperature rises in indoor office environments reduced workplace performance (Kjellstrom&Holmer, 2009; Kjellstrom et al., 2016).”
How Important Is Humidity in Heat Stress?
Sherwood, S. C. (2018) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2018jd028969 · Cited by 140
“All Rights Reserved. impacts such as lost worker productivity (Kjellstrom et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTemporal trends in human vulnerability to excessive heat
Sheridan, S. C., & Allen, M. J. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab214 · Cited by 134
“Broadly, such findings draw attention to the occupational risks associated with heat, and opportunities to address such how these risks have changed over time (Xiang et al 2014, Kjellstrom et al 2016).”
BackgroundClimate change adaptation to extreme heat: a global systematic review of implemented action
Turek‐Hankins, L. L., de Perez, E. C., Scarpa, G., Ruiz‐Díaz, R., Schwerdtle, P. N., Joe, E. T., Galappaththi, E. K., French, E. M., Austin, S. E., Singh, C., et al. (2021) · Oxford Open Climate Change · doi:10.1093/oxfclm/kgab005 · Cited by 153
Increased labor losses and decreased adaptation potential in a warmer world
Parsons, L. A., Shindell, D., Tigchelaar, M., Zhang, Y., & Spector, J. T. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27328-y · Cited by 126
Kong, Q., & Huber, M. S. (2022) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2021ef002334 · Cited by 141
“, 2020), and labor productivity reduction (Dunne et al., 2013; Hsiang et al., 2017; Kjellstrom et al., 2016; Masuda et al., 2021; Orlov et al., 2020).”
BackgroundConcentrated and Intensifying Humid Heat Extremes in the IPCC AR6 Regions
Speizer, S., Raymond, C., Ivanovich, C. C., & Horton, R. (2022) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl097261 · Cited by 129
“Even less extreme magnitudes of humid heat can cause a variety of societal impacts, such as decreased economic productivity associated with limitations on outdoor labor or increased energy demand due to the need for artificial cooling (e.g., Borg et al., 2021; Dunne et al., 2013; Kjellstrom et al., 2016; Sathaye et al…”
BackgroundLevi, M., Kjellstrom, T. E., & Baldasseroni, A. (2018) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v109i3.6851 · Cited by 142
“When subjects are dehydrated, productivity is reduced (12, 19, 52).”
Climate change adaptation in South Africa: a case study on the role of the health sector
Chersich, M., & Wright, C. Y. (2019) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0466-x · Cited by 120
Bröde, P., Fiala, D., Lemke, B., & Kjellstrom, T. E. (2017) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-017-1346-9 · Cited by 106
“…or decreased work capacity (Hettinga et al. 2007; Cheuvront et al. 2010), there is a growing interest to assess the potential effects of climate change in terms of work efficiency or productivity (Dunne et al. 2013; Blazejczyk et al. 2014; Kjellstrom et al. 2016; Kjellstrom et al. 2009c).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMarinaccio, A., Scortichini, M., Gariazzo, C., Leva, A. D., Bonafede, M., de'Donato, F. K., Stafoggia, M., Viegi, G., Michelozzi, P., Ancona, C., et al. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105176 · Cited by 102
Increased core body temperature in astronauts during long-duration space missions
Stahn, A. C., Werner, A., Opatz, O., Maggioni, M. A., Steinach, M., von Ahlefeld, V. W., Moore, A., Crucian, B. E., Smith, S. M., Zwart, S. R., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15560-w · Cited by 100
Evaluation of the Impact of Ambient Temperatures on Occupational Injuries in Spain
Martínez-Solanas, É., López-Ruiz, M., Wellenius, G. A., Gasparrini, A., Sunyer, J., Benavides, F. G., & Basagaña, X. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp2590 · Cited by 104
“…also in the occupational sector, with some studies reporting important losses in work capacity and productivity linked to climate warming, with associated costs amounting to between 0.1% and 0.5% of GDP (Kjellstrom et al. 2016; Zander et al. 2015; Dunne et al. 2013; Hübler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialMapping urban temperature using crowd-sensing data and machine learning
Zumwald, M., Knüsel, B., Bresch, D. N., & Knutti, R. (2020) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100739 · Cited by 99
Runkle, J. D., Cui, C., Fuhrmann, C. M., Stevens, S. E., Pinal, J. D., & Sugg, M. M. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.026 · Cited by 98
Personal assessment of urban heat exposure: a systematic review
Nazarian, N., & LEE, J. K. W. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abd350 · Cited by 99
“The combined impact of such global- and local-scale warming on people can be, and has been, detrimental: even in developed countries, heat is regarded as a leading cause of mortality in all natural disasters [3–5], and heat stress is a widely acknowledged hazard on physical and mental wellbeing [6].”
BackgroundFan, X., Liu, W., & Wargocki, P. L. (2018) · Indoor Air · doi:10.1111/ina.12523 · Cited by 100
Temperature projections and heatwave attribution scenarios over India: A systematic review
Ravindra, K., Bhardwaj, S., Ram, C., Goyal, A., Singh, V., Venkataraman, C., Bhan, S. C., Sokhi, R. S., & Mor, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26431 · Cited by 108
“Also, there is an immediate need to upgrade the medical infrastructure and facilities to reduce mortality from heatstroke [73].”
BackgroundHouseholds' willingness to pay for green roof for mitigating heat island effects in Beijing (China)
Zhang, L., Fukuda, H., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.048 · Cited by 93
Heaney, A. K., Carrión, D., Burkart, K. G., Lesk, C. S., & Jack, D. W. (2019) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp4039 · Cited by 100
“Hot and humid conditions are known to reduce human performance in work and sports (Kjellstrom et al. 2016), but limited research has been done to explore the in fl uence of heat stress on population-level physical activity behaviors.”
Evaluation of individual thermal sensation at raised indoor temperatures based on skin temperature
Liu, W., Tian, X., Yang, D., & Deng, Y. (2020) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107486 · Cited by 87
Falchetta, G., Pachauri, S., Byers, E. A., Danylo, O., & Parkinson, S. C. (2020) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.007 · Cited by 86
Future changes in thermal comfort conditions over China based on multi-RegCM4 simulations
Gao, X., Wu, J., Shi, Y., Jia, W., Han, Z., Zhang, D., Tong, Y., Li, R., Xu, Y., & Giorgi, F. (2018) · Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters · doi:10.1080/16742834.2018.1471578 · Cited by 80
“…important factor influencing human comfort/discomfort, morbidity, and mortality, and thus it is often included in analyses of future heat stress (Diffenbaugh et al. 2007; Fischer, Oleson, and Lawrence 2012; Zhao et al. 2015; Kjellstrom et al. 2016; Pal and Eltahir 2016; Im, Pal, and Eltahir 2017).”
BackgroundProjections of heat stress and associated work performance over India in response to global warming
Rao, K. K., Kumar, T. V. L., Kulkarni, A., Ho, C.-H., Mahendranath, B., Desamsetti, S., Patwardhan, S. K., Ramu, D. A., Barbosa, H. A., & Sabade, S. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73245-3 · Cited by 80
Nunfam, V. F., Adusei‐Asante, K., van Etten, E. J. B., Oosthuizen, J., & Frimpong, K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.255 · Cited by 80
Napoli, C. D., McGushin, A., Romanello, M. B., Ayeb‐Karlsson, S., Cai, W., Chambers, J., Dasgupta, S., Escobar, L. E., Kelman, I., Kjellstrom, T. E., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13055-6 · Cited by 86
Self-citationDoes hot weather affect work-related injury? A case-crossover study in Guangzhou, China
Sheng, R., Li, C., Wang, Q., Yang, L., Bao, J., Wang, K., Ma, R., Gao, C., Lin, S., Zhang, Y., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.005 · Cited by 78
Ma, R., Zhong, S., Morabito, M., Hajat, S., Xu, Z., He, Y., Bao, J., Sheng, R., Li, C., Fu, C., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.201 · Cited by 77
Masuda, Y. J., Castro, B., Aggraeni, I., Wolff, N. H., Ebi, K. L., Garg, T., Game, E. T., Krenz, J. E., & Spector, J. T. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.03.005 · Cited by 83
Nunfam, V. F., Oosthuizen, J., Adusei‐Asante, K., van Etten, E. J. B., & Frimpong, K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.480 · Cited by 75
Alae-Carew, C., Nicoleau, S., Bird, F. A., Hawkins, P., Tuomisto, H. L., Haines, A., Dangour, A. D., & Scheelbeek, P. (2019) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab5cc0 · Cited by 86
Oppermann, E., Kjellstrom, T. E., Lemke, B., Otto, M., & LEE, J. K. W. (2021) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.04.006 · Cited by 73
Self-citationSario, M. D., de'Donato, F. K., Bonafede, M., Marinaccio, A., Levi, M., Ariani, F., Morabito, M., & Michelozzi, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1173553 · Cited by 87
“to a reduction in work hours and work output (16).”
BackgroundTemperature, Worker Productivity, and Adaptation: Evidence from Survey Data Production
LoPalo, M. (2022) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20200547 · Cited by 83
Projected temperature increases over northern Ghana
Klutse, N. A. B., Owusu, K., & Boafo, Y. A. (2020) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-020-3095-3 · Cited by 68
Varghese, B. M., Hansen, A. L., Nitschke, M., Nairn, J., Hanson‐Easey, S., Bi, P., & Pisaniello, D. (2018) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1376-6 · Cited by 68
Climate change and informal workers: Towards an agenda for research and practice
Dodman, D., Sverdlik, A., Agarwal, S., Kadungure, A., Kothiwal, K., Machemedze, R., & Verma, S. (2023) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101401 · Cited by 74
Exposure to excessive heat and impacts on labour productivity linked to cumulative CO2 emissions
Chavaillaz, Y., Roy, P., Partanen, A., Silva, L. D., Bresson, É., Mengis, N., Chaumont, D., & Matthews, H. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50047-w · Cited by 67
Beyond Threshold Approaches to Extreme Heat: Repositioning Adaptation as Everyday Practice
Oppermann, E., Strengers, Y., Maller, C. J., RICKARDS, L. A., & Brearley, M. B. (2018) · Weather Climate and Society · doi:10.1175/wcas-d-17-0084.1 · Cited by 65
Tuomisto, H. L., Scheelbeek, P., Chalabi, Z., Green, R., Smith, R., Haines, A., & Dangour, A. D. (2017) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11190.2 · Cited by 84
“Besides the direct effects, increased temperatures may indirectly affect fruit and vegetables yields due to decreased labour productivity of farmers, affecting agricultural productivity (Kjellstrom et al., 2016).”
Response of Urban Heat Stress to Heat Waves in Athens (1960–2017)
Katavoutas, G., & Founda, D. (2019) · Atmosphere · doi:10.3390/atmos10090483 · Cited by 63
“An important issue concerning humans’ well-being, especially those living and working in densely urban areas, is the time length in the day when the human body attempts to cool down and recover from heat stress [5,63,64].”
BackgroundVarghese, B. M., Barnett, A. G., Hansen, A. L., Bi, P., Hanson‐Easey, S., Heyworth, J. S., Sim, M. R., & Pisaniello, D. (2018) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.024 · Cited by 67
“To date, most of the research has focussed on the general population while the occupational health impacts on workers have received less attention (Kjellstrom, 2016; Kjellstrom et al., 2016; Applebaum et al., 2016).”
BackgroundViewpoint: Climate impacts on agriculture: Searching for keys under the streetlight
Hertel, T., & Lima, C. D. D. (2020) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101954 · Cited by 55
Ruina, L., Zhao, S., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c12196 · Cited by 61
Heat-related productivity loss: benefits derived by working in the shade or work-time shifting
Morabito, M., Messeri, A., Crisci, A., Bao, J., Ma, R., Orlandini, S., Huang, C., & Kjellstrom, T. E. (2020) · International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management · doi:10.1108/ijppm-10-2019-0500 · Cited by 60
Self-citationCosts from labor losses due to extreme heat in the USA attributable to climate change
Zhang, Y., & Shindell, D. T. (2021) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03014-2 · Cited by 61
Yan, M., Xie, Y., Zhu, H., Ban, J., Gong, J., & Li, T. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152371 · Cited by 61
Morrissey, M. C., Casa, D. J., Brewer, G. J., Adams, W. M., Hosokawa, Y., Benjamin, C. L., Grundstein, A., Hostler, D. P., McDermott, B. P., McQuerry, M., et al. (2021) · GeoHealth · doi:10.1029/2021gh000443 · Cited by 57
An Occupational Heat Stress and Hydration Assessment of Agricultural Workers in North Mexico
Wagoner, R. S., López-Gálvez, N. I., de Zapien, J. G., Griffin, S. C., Canales, R. A., & Beamer, P. I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17062102 · Cited by 60
Yu, T., Dohl, J., Chen, Y., Gasier, H. G., & Deuster, P. A. (2019) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.28006 · Cited by 56
“Heat‐related illnesses thus pose a threat to public health, and frequent heat waves significantly impact human health, productivity, and the economy (Kjellstrom et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLarge humidity effects on urban heat exposure and cooling challenges under climate change
Yang, J., Zhao, L., & Oleson, K. W. (2023) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acc475 · Cited by 64
Gariazzo, C., Taiano, L., Bonafede, M., Leva, A., Morabito, M., de'Donato, F. K., & Marinaccio, A. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107677 · Cited by 58
Greater increases in temperature extremes in low versus high income countries
Herold, N., Alexander, L. V., Green, D., & Donat, M. G. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa5c43 · Cited by 55
“…body to acclimatise to temperature change may mediate the effects of increasing hot days, warm nights and heatwaves, physiological limits and higher tropical humidity place tight constraints on the extent to which acclimatisation can take place (Sherwood and Huber 2010, Kjellstrom et al 2016).”
BackgroundRiccò, M. (2017) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01114 · Cited by 56
Heat warning and public and workers' health at the time of COVID-19 pandemic
Morabito, M., Messeri, A., Crisci, A., Pratali, L., Bonafede, M., & Marinaccio, A. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140347 · Cited by 54
Using smartphone technology to reduce health impacts from atmospheric environmental hazards
Johnston, F. H., Wheeler, A. J., Williamson, G. J., Campbell, S. L., Jones, P., Koolhof, I. S., Lucani, C. J., Cooling, N., & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab1e6 · Cited by 51
Bethancourt, H. J., Swanson, Z. S., Nzunza, R., Huanca, T., Conde, E., Kenney, W. L., Young, S. L., Ndiema, E., Braun, D. R., Pontzer, H., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23447 · Cited by 53
Environmental exposure during travel: A research review and suggestions forward
Poom, A., Willberg, E. S., & Toivonen, T. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102584 · Cited by 56
Climate Change and the People's Health
Friel, S. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190492731.001.0001 · Cited by 54
Climate change, health and safety of workers in developing economies: A scoping review
Ansah, E. W., Ankomah-Appiah, E., Amoadu, M., & Sarfo, J. O. (2021) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100034 · Cited by 62
Metadata
- Authors
- Kjellstrom, T., Briggs, D., Freyberg, C., Lemke, B., Otto, M., & Hyatt, O.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Ruby Coast Research Centre, Mapua, 7005, New Zealand
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NZ)
- ORCID
- Kjellstrom, Tord
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-03-18
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 97-112
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- OpenAlex
- W2244217450
- Semantic Scholar
- 1ce13e8b0097fba473420666e01013d0bb05ddb1
- Cited by
- 617
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of East Anglia
- Lunds Universitet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Social Sciences › Health › Occupational Health and Global Justice
- Keywords
- heat exposure, occupational health, human performance, work capacity, health impacts of climate change, heat exhaustion, climate impact assessment, GDP loss
- MeSH terms
- Hot Temperature, Humans, Occupational Health, Workplace, Heat Stress Disorders, Climate Change, Gross Domestic Product
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