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Regulation of the Synthesis of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Adrenal Cortical Cells by ACTH
Abstract
Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
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“In short, the hypothalamus produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that stimulates corticotrope cells in the anterior pituitary to biosynthesize and release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) that in turn stimulates the adrenal gland to produce steroid hormones, specifically DHEA and cortisol [21,22].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
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The influence of sex and gonadectomy on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis of the sheep
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“…both ACTH and 8BrcAMP induce greater cortisol production in cultures from female animals suggests that the differences in adrenocortical cells occurs distal to the production of cAMP, which is considered the principal intercellular mediator of ACTH action at the adrenal (Simpson & Waterman 1988).”
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Two-pore domain potassium channels in the adrenal cortex.
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“Moreover, PKA phosphorylates transcription factors that stimulate expression of the 11ß-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), the enzyme catalyzing the final step of glucocorticoid synthesis [47, 127].”
BackgroundACTH Regulation of Adrenal SR-B1
Shen, W., Azhar, S., & Kraemer, F. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00042 · Cited by 42
Shepherd, S. P., & Holzwarth, M. A. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.1.c61 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, ACTH stimulation, also shown to increase Fos expression (40; unpublished observations), stimulates the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and thereby exerts a long-term effect on steroidogenic capability (32).”
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“Because of the well characterized effect of ACTH on steroidogenesis, genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes and accessory proteins essential to steroidogenesis such as adrenodoxin and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein were among the first to be identified as ACTH-responsive genes (5, 12, 13, 34, 35).”
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“Adrenal GC synthesis is mainly stimulated by adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which induces steroidogenic gene expression (11, 12).”
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“In adrenocortical cells, transcription induction of the fos and jun genes is not necessary for the early acute steroidogenic response to ACTH, since this very rapid response is independent on RNA synthesis [37].”
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“ACTH is secreted by the hypothalamic pituitary gland and is known to stimulate the adrenal production of cortisol by binding to specific receptor sites located in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland cortex [16, 20].”
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“Furthermore, although the steroid hydroxylase genes are all induced by cAMP, they lack consensus cAMP response elements in their 5 -flanking regions and therefore do not bind PKA phosphorylated transcription factors (Simpson and Waterman, 1988; Ahlgren et al., 1990; Kagawa and Waterman, 1990; Lund et al., 1990; Parker…”
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Myers, D. A., McDonald, T. J., & Nathanielsz, P. W. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.131.3.1505467 · Cited by 19
Ouali, R., Langlois, D., Saez, J. M., & Bégeot, M. (1991) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0303-7207(91)90203-5 · Cited by 18
Williams, C. A., & Allen‐Hoffmann, B. L. (1990) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39350-0 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Simpson, E. R., & Waterman, M. R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Simpson, Evan R.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1988-10
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- OpenAlex
- W2125701765
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 20.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01am028350-05)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 13234, HD-11149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Keywords
- ACTH, steroidogenic enzymes, adrenal cortex, enzyme synthesis regulation, steroidogenesis, glucocorticoid feedback, macrophage polarization
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Humans
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