Sex-based cardiac physiology
Abstract
Biological sex plays an important role in normal cardiac physiology as well as in the heart's response to cardiac disease. Women generally have better cardiac function and survival than do men in the face of cardiac disease; however, this sex difference is lost when comparing postmenopausal women with age-matched men. Animal models of cardiac disease mirror what is seen in humans. Sex steroid hormones contribute significantly to sex-based differences in cardiac disease outcomes. Estrogen is generally considered to be cardioprotective, whereas testosterone is thought to be detrimental to heart function. Environmental estrogen-like molecules, such as phytoestrogens, can also affect cardiac physiology in both a positive and a negative manner.
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Sex hormones are thought to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
“Likewise, sex hormones are thought to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases [19–21].”
From Intestinal Microbiota Is Influenced by Gender and Body Mass Index (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
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- Authors
- Luczak, E. D., & Leinwand, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Physiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-03-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-18
- ISSN
- 0066-4278 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1585
- OpenAlex
- W2107190331
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- sex differences, cardiac physiology, sex hormones, estrogen, testosterone, phytoestrogens, postmenopausal women, heart disease, cardioprotection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Estrogens, Female, Heart, Heart Diseases, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone, Phytoestrogens, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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