Cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and hypertension in African-American men and women: the Pitt County Study
Open accessAbstract
Few studies have examined the impact of the frequency of discrimination on hypertension risk. The authors assessed the cross-sectional associations between frequency of perceived racial and nonracial discrimination and hypertension among 1,110 middle-aged African-American men (n = 393) and women (n = 717) participating in the 2001 follow-up of the Pitt County Study (Pitt County, North Carolina). Odds ratios were estimated using gender-specific unconditional weighted logistic regression with adjustment for relevant confounders and the frequency of discrimination. More than half of the men (57%) and women (55%) were hypertensive. The prevalences of perceived racial discrimination, nonracial discrimination, and no discrimination were 57%, 29%, and 13%, respectively, in men and 42%, 43%, and 15%, respectively, in women. Women recounting frequent nonracial discrimination versus those reporting no exposure to discrimination had the highest odds of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.09, 5.02). A nonsignificant inverse odds ratio was evident in men who perceived frequent exposure to racial or nonracial discrimination in comparison with no exposure. A similar association was observed for women reporting perceived racial discrimination. These results indicate that the type and frequency of discrimination perceived by African-American men and women may differentially affect their risk of hypertension.
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The possibility that the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program used.
“Although some research has suggested the relationship between racism and blood pressure may be curvilinear [121, 281, 304, 402–403], this possibility was not explored in the current meta-analysis due to limitations in the statistical analysis program we utilized.”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [304]
The paper’s introduction (page not specified in our copy) says that whether discrimination affects health through a dose-response or threshold pattern remains unresolved. This supports considering different shapes for the association, but it does not specifically suggest a curvilinear relationship between racism and blood pressure. The statement about the citing authors’ meta-analysis is their own explanation, not a claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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- Authors
- Roberts, C. B., Vines, A. I., Kaufman, J. S., & James, S. A.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-12-12
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 624-632
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2129885818
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 8.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL065645, HL 65645)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- perceived discrimination, racial discrimination, hypertension, sex differences, middle-aged adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, North Carolina, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Perception, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Logistic Models, Risk Assessment
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