Phase of menstrual cycle affects lysine requirement in healthy women
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the phases of the menstrual cycle affect lysine requirement in healthy adult females, as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method. Five healthy females with regular menstrual cycles were studied at seven graded levels of lysine intake, in random order, with an oral [13 C]phenylalanine tracer protocol in both the follicular and luteal phases. A total of 14 studies were conducted for each subject. Breath and plasma samples were collected according to the standard IAAO protocol. Serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations were measured on each IAAO study day. The rate of release of 13 CO 2 from [13 C]phenylalanine oxidation (F 13 CO 2) was measured, and a two-phase linear regression crossover model was applied to determine lysine requirement. F 13 CO 2 was higher during the luteal phase ( P < 0.001) and was positively associated with serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol and progesterone. The F 13 CO 2 data were adjusted for subjects and sex hormones and used to define breakpoints for lysine requirements. The lysine requirement of healthy females in the luteal phase was 37.7 mg·kg−1·day−1 and higher ( P = 0.025) than that of females in the follicular phase (35.0 mg·kg−1·day−1). At all lysine intake levels, plasma amino acids were lower and phenylalanine oxidation was higher in the luteal relative to the follicular phase. Therefore, we reason that the higher lysine requirement observed in the luteal phase is probably due to higher amino acid catabolism.
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Progesterone functions catabolically to increase amino acid oxidation and decreases muscle protein synthesis.
“functions catabolically to increase amino acid oxidation and decreases muscle protein synthesis [78–81]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Estrogen, specifically 17β-estradiol, promotes lipolysis and increases fatty acid availability while decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis with muscle and liver glycogen sparing.
“Estrogen, specifically 17β-estradiol, promotes lipolysis and increases fatty acid availability while decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis with muscle and liver glycogen sparing.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Robust evidence demonstrates that estrogen and progesterone have important roles in regulating substrate metabolism.
“Robust evidence exists that demonstrates the important roles estrogen and progesterone have in regulating substrate metabolism [20,24,66,70,80,82,84,154–159].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Kriengsinyos, W., Wykes, L. J., Goonewardene, L. A., Ball, R. O., & Pencharz, P. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 287
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- E489-E496
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2005564128
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 0.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, lysine requirement, luteal phase, follicular phase, amino acid oxidation, phenylalanine oxidation, 13C tracer, estradiol, progesterone, amino acid catabolism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amino Acids, Breath Tests, Carbon Isotopes, Estradiol, Female, Fluorine, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Lysine, Nutritional Requirements, Oxidation-Reduction, Phenylalanine, Progesterone, Reference Values, Linear Models
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