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Circadian modulation of glucose and insulin responses to meals: relationship to cortisol rhythm
Abstract
To determine whether glucose and insulin responses to a mixed meal are influenced by time of day irrespective of duration of prior fast, eight normal subjects (4 males, 4 females) were studied on two separate occasions, involving ingestion of identical meals at either 6- or 12-h intervals. The 24-h profiles of plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma C-peptide were obtained at 20-min intervals. Plasma cortisol levels were measured on each sample to evaluate possible relationship between diurnal variations in metabolic responses and circadian rhythm of cortisol. Rates of secretion of insulin and cortisol were mathematically derived from peripheral concentrations by deconvolution using two-compartment models for clearance kinetics. Postmeal responses of glucose, insulin, and insulin secretion rate were evaluated by calculating maximum postmeal increment, total area under curve, area under curve for 2 h after meal ingestion, and total duration of response. Postmeal cortisol responses were quantified by increment in plasma level and amount secreted in postmeal pulse. For glucose responses, irrespective of duration of prior fast, all four parameters characterizing the response were significantly greater in the evening than in the morning, with total area under curve and 2-h area under curve being approximately twofold larger in the evening than in the morning. Time of day did not significantly influence maximum postmeal increment in insulin secretion rate or duration of insulin secretory response, but total and 2-h areas under curve were 25-50% greater in the evening than in the morning. Meal ingestion was followed by a significant pulse of cortisol secretion in 37 of 40 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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“and other studies have shown that insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance fall gradually during the day with insulin sensitivity reaching the lowest level in the evening (11,36) .”
From Effects of consuming later evening meal v. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Van Cauter, E., Shapiro, E. T., Tillil, H., & Polonsky, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.
- University of Chicago (US)
- ORCID
- Tillil, H.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1992-04-01
- Volume
- 262
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- E467-E475
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W1921767431
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-31842, DK 20595, DK-41814, R01DK041814)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, cortisol, insulin secretion, glycemic response, mixed meal, time of day, fasting duration, C-peptide, insulin secretion rate, diurnal variation
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Eating, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Male, Osmolar Concentration, Sex Characteristics
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