Diurnal cortisol peaks and their relationships to meals
Abstract
Relationships between diurnal plasma cortisol peaks and meals were evaluated for 30 male subjects divided into 5 groups. At 1300 h, at the time of a slow increase of plasma cortisol in fasting subjects, a reproducible rapidly increasing meal-related peak appeared in all subjects studied. An identical meal at 2000 h led to a lower mean response, with larger interindividual variations. This attenuated evening response does not seem attributable to any daily rhythm in responsiveness nor to changing basal levels, since only slight nonsignificant rises in cortisol appeared after an identical meal at 1000 h. The usual mean cortisol pattern with a midday peak was observed in subjects accustomed to different activity and meal-time schedules, which excludes the role of dietary habits. Satiety did not seen to play a determining role in the response to the 1000 h meal, as was shown by comparing subjects who did or did not have breakfast after overnight fasting. Meal intake was not necessary to provoke peaking in cortisol levels, and it has been established that neural and behavioral factors associated with meal presentation play a predominant role in some subjects. The results given clear evidence of the influence of meal timing on the daily plasma cortisol pattern, but no clue was found as to why eating affects the pituitary-adrenal axis differently according to the time of day. The noon meal may at least have a synchronizing role on normally existing plasma cortisol fluctuations.
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The well-controlled design, including continuous glucose infusion and light levels below 50 lux, does not mimic real life and cannot therefore be generalized.
“our well-controlled design (including continuous glucose infusion to avoid the impact of timing and content of meals on cortisol secretion 44,45 and light levels below 50 lux) does not mimic real life and cannot, therefore, be generalized.”
From Effects of Insufficient Sleep on Pituitary–Adrenocortical Response to CRH Stimulation in Healthy Men (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Ingestion of glucose, amino acids, protein, or mixed meals tends to increase serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy adults.
“Ingestion of glucose, amino acids, protein, or mixed meals tends to increase serum and salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy adults (1–8).”
From Glucose ingestion selectively amplifies ACTH and cortisol secretory-burst mass and enhances their joint synchrony in healthy men. (2011) · cites this paper as [8]
In the present study, cortisol levels decreased only by 20 nmol/L between 1000 h and 1200 h, whereas a previous study found a decrease of about 60 nmol/L during this interval.
“In this study, cortisol levels decreased by about 60 nmol/L between 1000 h and 1200 h, whereas in the present study, cortisol levels decreased only by 20 nmol/L during this time interval, i.e. the first 2 h of low-rate insulin infusion.”
From Supraphysiological Hyperinsulinemia Acutely Increases Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Secretory Activity in Humans (1999) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- LEGLER, M., BRANDENBERGER, G., HIETTER, B., SIMÉONI, M., & REINHARDT, B.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1982-10
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 757-761
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2040583831
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- diurnal cortisol rhythm, meal timing, plasma cortisol, pituitary-adrenal axis, circadian rhythm, satiety, breakfast, interindividual variability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Food, Food Deprivation, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male
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