The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glucose kinetics and exercise performance during phases of the menstrual cycle: effect of glucose ingestion
Abstract
To study the effect of menstrual cycle phase and carbohydrate ingestion on glucose kinetics and exercise performance, eight healthy, moderately trained, eumenorrheic women cycled at 70% of peak O 2 consumption for 2 h and then performed a 4 kJ/kg body wt time trial. A control (C) and a glucose ingestion (G) trial were completed during the follicular (F) and luteal (L) phases of the menstrual cycle. Plasma substrate concentrations were similar before the commencement of exercise. Glucose rates of appearance and disappearance were higher ( P < 0.05) during the 2nd h of exercise in FC than in LC. The percent contribution of carbohydrate to total energy expenditure was greater in FC than in LC, and subjects performed better (13%, P < 0.05) in FC. Performance improved (19% and 26% in FG and LG compared with FC and LC, respectively, P < 0.05) with the ingestion of glucose throughout exercise. These data demonstrate that substrate metabolism and exercise performance are influenced by the menstrual cycle phase, but ingestion of glucose minimizes these effects.
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“Females have different nutrient needs due to fluctuations in sex hormones, substrate reliance, and increased energy demand during exercise, and females may have deficiencies in certain nutrients due to factors like menstrual losses, bioavailability, and dietary habits [15, 62, 63, 64].”
From Dietary Intake of Canadian Middle‐Aged Endurance Athletes (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
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“Levels of progesterone are 12–20 times greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase, whereas estrogen is only ;3 times greater (24).”
BackgroundCarbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women
Tarnopolsky, M. A., Atkinson, S. A., Phillips, S. M., & MacDougall, J. D. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.78.4.1360 · Cited by 278 · cited 2×
“This is the first study to investigate glucose kinetics during CHO ingestion in women, despite previously observed gender differences in CHO metabolism during exercise (35, 36).”
BackgroundCarbohydrate ingestion can completely suppress endogenous glucose production during exercise
Jeukendrup, A. E., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Gijsen, A. P., Brouns, F., & Saris, W. H. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e672 · Cited by 219
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“Conversely, a number of studies have found that menstrual cycle phase does indeed affect hormonal and metabolic response to exercise (16, 19, 26, 29), particularly in a carbohydrate (CHO)-depleted nutritional state (4, 25).”
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Cited by
McNulty, K. L., Elliott-Sale, K. J., Dolan, E., Swinton, P. A., Ansdell, P., Goodall, S., Thomas, K., & Hicks, K. M. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01319-3 · Cited by 812
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Regulation of exercise carbohydrate metabolism by estrogen and progesterone in women
D'Eon, T. M., Sharoff, C., Chipkin, S. R., Grow, D., Ruby, B. C., & Braun, B. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2002 · Cited by 166
“8-fold elevated relative to the follicular phase (8, 47).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Influence of Oral Contraceptives on Athletic Performance in Female Athletes
Burrows, M., & Peters, C. E. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737070-00001 · Cited by 122
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, S. E., Angus, D. J., & Febbraio, M. A.
- Affiliations
- Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2001-10-01
- Volume
- 281
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- E817-E825
- ISSN
- 0193-1849
- 1522-1555
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 13
- Language
- en
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