Carbohydrate ingestion can completely suppress endogenous glucose production during exercise
Abstract
The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on endogenous glucose production (EGP) during prolonged exercise, 2) to study whether glucose appearance in the circulation could be a limiting factor for exogenous CHO oxidation, and 3) to investigate whether large CHO feedings can reduce muscle glycogen oxidation during exercise. Six well-trained subjects exercised three times for 120 min at 50% maximum workload while ingesting water (FAST), a 4% glucose solution (LO-Glc), or a 22% glucose solution (HI-Glc). A primed continuous intravenous [6, 6-2H2]glucose infusion was given, and the ingested glucose was enriched with [U-13C]glucose. Glucose ingestion significantly elevated CHO oxidation as well as the rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance. Ra glucose equaled Ra of glucose in gut (Ra gut) during HI-Glc, whereas EGP was completely suppressed. During LO-Glc, EGP was partially suppressed, whereas Ra gut provided most of the total glucose Ra. We conclude that 1) high rates of CHO ingestion can completely block EGP, 2) Ra gut may be a limiting factor for exogenous CHO oxidation, and 3) muscle glycogen oxidation was not reduced by large glucose feedings.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise can reduce or even completely suppress liver glycogen breakdown, thereby improving subsequent recovery.
“While carbohydrate ingestion during exercise does not substantially affect muscle glycogen utilization [48, 49], it can reduce or even completely suppress liver glycogen breakdown, thereby improving subsequent recovery [49, 50].”
From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [50]
Enhanced maintenance of euglycemia towards the end of exercise and suppression of endogenous glucose production are likely mechanisms by which exogenous carbohydrate intake improves cycling performance during prolonged exercise.
“Rather, an enhanced maintenance of euglycemia towards the end of exercise [76] and a suppression of endogenous glucose production [77] are likely mechanisms by which exogenous carbohydrate intake improves cycling performance during prolonged exercise.”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Exogenous carbohydrate ingestion mediates a blunting of liver glucose output during exercise.
“In accordance, it was shown that exogenous carbohydrate ingestion mediates a blunting of liver glucose output during exercise [77].”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Cites
Romijn, J. A., Coyle, E. F., Sidossis, L. S., Gastaldelli, A., Horowitz, J. F., Endert, E., & Wolfe, R. R. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.3.e380 · Cited by 1,747 · see citing works
Carbohydrate ingestion and single muscle fiber glycogen metabolism during prolonged running in men
Tsintzas, O. K., Williams, C., Boobis, L., & Greenhaff, P. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.2.801 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Human Muscle Glycogen Metabolism During Exercise: Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation
Tsintzas, K., & Williams, C. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199825010-00002 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Is the Gut an Athletic Organ?: Digestion, Absorption and Exercise
Brouns, F., & Beckers, E. (1993) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199315040-00003 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbohydrate ingestion and glycogen utilization in different muscle fibre types in man
Tsintzas, O. K., Williams, C., Boobis, L., & Greenhaff, P. (1995) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp021046 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Influence of selected carbohydrate drinks on cycling performance and glycogen use
FLYNN, M. G., COSTILL, D. L., HAWLEY, J. A., FINK, W. J., NEUFER, P. D., FIELDING, R. A., & SLEEPER, M. D. (1987) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198702000-00008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Bosch, A. N., Dennis, S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (1994) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2364 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Oxidation of Exogenous Carbohydrate During Prolonged Exercise in Fed and Fasted Conditions*
Massicotte, D., Péronnet, F., Brisson, G., Boivin, L., & Hillaire-Marcel, C. (1990) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024802 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise
Hargreaves, M., & Spriet, L. L. (2020) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0251-4 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Carbohydrate intake during exercise and performance
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.017 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of Exercise Intensity on Skeletal Muscle AMPK Signaling in Humans
Chen, Z.-P., Stephens, T. J., Murthy, S., Canny, B. J., Hargreaves, M., Witters, L. A., Kemp, B. E., & McConell, G. K. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2205 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Moseley, L., Waring, R. H., Harding, L. K., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00974.2003 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationJeukendrup, A. E., & Jentjens, R. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200029060-00004 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Self-citationSuperior Endurance Performance with Ingestion of Multiple Transportable Carbohydrates
CURRELL, K., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815adf19 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationLiver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance-type exercise
Gonzalez, J. T., Fuchs, C. J., Betts, J. A., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00232.2016 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise in humans
van Loon, L. J. C. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00368.2004 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state
Van Proeyen, K., Szlufcik, K., Nielens, H., Ramaekers, M., & Hespel, P. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00907.2010 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Starkie, R. L., Arkinstall, M. J., Koukoulas, I., Hawley, J. A., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0585a.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Effects of carbohydrate ingestion before and during exercise on glucose kinetics and performance
Febbraio, M. A., Chiu, A., Angus, D. J., Arkinstall, M. J., & Hawley, J. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2220 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2005) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041368 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of blood glucose homeostasis during prolonged exercise
Suh, S.-H., Paik, I.-Y., & Jacobs, K. A. (2007) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)10717-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Regulation of exercise carbohydrate metabolism by estrogen and progesterone in women
D'Eon, T. M., Sharoff, C., Chipkin, S. R., Grow, D., Ruby, B. C., & Braun, B. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations in Triathlon
Jeukendrup, A. E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., & Moseley, L. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535020-00005 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationExogenous carbohydrate oxidation during ultraendurance exercise
Jeukendrup, A. E., Moseley, L., Mainwaring, G. I., Samuels, S., Perry, S., & Mann, C. H. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00981.2004 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationJentjens, R. L. P. G., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00482.2001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose, and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Venables, M. C., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01023.2003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationJentjens, R. L. P. G., Underwood, K., Achten, J., Currell, K., Mann, C. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2005 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationCaffeine Increases Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise
Yeo, S. E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Wallis, G. A., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00170.2005 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationWebster, C. C., Noakes, T. D., Chacko, S. K., Swart, J., Kohn, T. A., & Smith, J. A. H. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp271934 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Carbohydrate feeding during exercise
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390801918971 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationNew Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
Podlogar, T., & Wallis, G. A. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Effect of training status on fuel selection during submaximal exercise with glucose ingestion
van Loon, L. J. C., Jeukendrup, A. E., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.4.1413 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise
Alghannam, A. F., Ghaith, M. M., & Alhussain, M. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094963 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“In accordance, it was shown that exogenous carbohydrate ingestion mediates a blunting of liver glucose output during exercise [77].”
BackgroundInteractions between insulin and exercise
Richter, E. A., Sylow, L., & Hargreaves, M. (2021) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20210185 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Gonzalez, J. T., Fuchs, C. J., Smith, F. E., Thelwall, P. E., Taylor, R., Stevenson, E. J., Trenell, M. I., Cermak, N. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2015 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
McConell, G. K., Canny, B. J., Daddo, M. C., Nance, M. J., & Snow, R. J. (2000) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1690 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Riddell, M. C., Partington, S. L., Stupka, N., Armstrong, D., Rennie, C., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2003) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.13.4.407 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in males and females
Wallis, G. A., Dawson, R., Achten, J., Webber, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00357.2005 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of insulin resistance on substrate utilization during exercise in overweight women
Braun, B., Sharoff, C., Chipkin, S. R., & Beaudoin, F. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00231.2004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Halson, S. L., Lancaster, G. I., Achten, J., Gleeson, M., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01368.2003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationAkerstrom, T. C. A., Birk, J. B., Klein, D. K., Erikstrup, C., Plomgaard, P., Pedersen, B. K., & Wojtaszewski, J. F. P. (2006) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.057 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Exogenous Oxidation of Isomaltulose Is Lower than That of Sucrose during Exercise in Men
Achten, J., Jentjens, R. L., Brouns, F., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2007) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.5.1143 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationEffect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolism during running and cycling
Arkinstall, M. J., Bruce, C. R., Nikolopoulos, V., Garnham, A. P., & Hawley, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2125 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Fructose and Sucrose Intake Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise
Trommelen, J., Fuchs, C., Beelen, M., Lenaerts, K., Jeukendrup, A., Cermak, N., & Van Loon, L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9020167 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPostexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis with Combined Glucose and Fructose Ingestion
WALLIS, G. A., HULSTON, C. J., MANN, C. H., ROPER, H. P., TIPTON, K. D., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817e0f7e · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBurelle, Y., Lamoureux, M.-C., Pèronnet, F., Massicotte, D., & Lavoie, C. (2006) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20061799 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lee, C.-L., Cheng, C.-F., Astorino, T. A., Lee, C.-J., Huang, H.-W., & Chang, W.-D. (2014) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-11-17 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dose-Response Effects of Ingested Carbohydrate on Exercise Metabolism in Women
WALLIS, G. A., YEO, S. E., BLANNIN, A. K., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000241645.28467.d3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors Influencing Substrate Oxidation During Submaximal Cycling: A Modelling Analysis
Rothschild, J. A., Kilding, A. E., Stewart, T., & Plews, D. J. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01727-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Naderi, A., Rothschild, J. A., Santos, H. O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M. S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., & Podlogar, T. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“While carbohydrate ingestion during exercise does not substantially affect muscle glycogen utilization [48, 49], it can reduce or even completely suppress liver glycogen breakdown, thereby improving subsequent recovery [49, 50].”
Podlogar, T., Bokal, Š., Cirnski, S., & Wallis, G. A. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Glucose Polymer Molecular Weight Does Not Affect Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation
ROWLANDS, D. S., WALLIS, G. A., SHAW, C., JENTJENS, R. L. P. G., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000177586.68399.f5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationIsomaltulose Improves Glycemia and Maintains Run Performance in Type 1 Diabetes
BRACKEN, R. M., PAGE, R., GRAY, B., KILDUFF, L. P., WEST, D. J., STEPHENS, J. W., & BAIN, S. C. (2012) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31823f6557 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Exogenous Carbohydrate Spares Muscle Glycogen in Men and Women during 10 h of Exercise
HARGER-DOMITROVICH, S. G., McCLAUGHRY, A. E., GASKILL, S. E., & RUBY, B. C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318157a650 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Oxidation of Maltose and Trehalose during Prolonged Moderate-Intensity Exercise
VENABLES, M. C., BROUNS, F., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318175716c · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations
Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stocks, B., Betts, J. A., & McGawley, K. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12544 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schweitzer, G., Smith, J., & LeCheminant, J. (2009) · International Journal of Exercise Science · doi:10.70252/qdmj2907 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dudley-Rode, H., Zinn, C., Plews, D. J., Charoensap, T., & Maunder, E. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05687-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The performance effect of early versus late carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise
Heesch, M. W. S., Mieras, M. E., & Slivka, D. R. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jeukendrup, A. E., Wagenmakers, A. J. M., Stegen, J. H. C. H., Gijsen, A. P., Brouns, F., & Saris, W. H. M.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1999-04-01
- Volume
- 276
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- E672-E683
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2097949187
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- carbohydrate intake, endogenous glucose production, glucose appearance, glucose disappearance, glucose oxidation, prolonged exercise, carbohydrate oxidation
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Adult, Blood Glucose, Deuterium, Dietary Carbohydrates, Physical Exertion, Fasting, Glucose, Glycogen, Glycolysis, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Insulin, Liver, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Models, Biological, Oxygen Consumption, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
