Circadian rhythm in sweating and cutaneous blood flow
Abstract
To characterize the changes in the control of the heat loss responses associated with the circadian variation in body temperature, we studied five men during 20 min of exercise in 25 degrees C on 6 separate days. Experiments were conducted at six times, equally spaced over the 24-h day. Esophageal temperature (Tes) and chest sweat rate (msw) were measured continuously, and forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured one to two times per minute. The thresholds for sweating and forearm vasodilation were significantly higher at 1600 and 2000 than at 2400 and 0400, averaging 0.57 and 0.65 degrees C higher, respectively, at 1600 than at 0400. Resting Tes and the Tes thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating during exercise all showed a similar circadian rhythm. The level at which core temperature is regulated therefore varies over the 24-h day with the zenith occurring around 1600 and the nadir at 0400. However, whereas the slope of the msw-to-Tes relation did not change over the 24-h day, the slope of the FBF-to-Tes relation tended to increase between 0400 and 2400, implying that the circadian rhythm may be more complex than just a shift in the central reference temperature.
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The circadian clock regulates diurnal variations in autonomic thermoregulatory processes such as core body temperature in humans.
“The circadian clock regulates diurnal variations in autonomic thermoregulatory processes such as core body temperature in humans.”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
During the night, the internal temperature thresholds for sweating and vasodilation are lower than during the day, while differences between morning and afternoon are smaller.
“During the night, the internal temperature thresholds for sweating and vasodilation have been shown to be lower than during the day, while the differences observed between the morning and the afternoon are smaller [1–3,51].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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“All experiments were conducted at the same time of day to control for circadian fluctuations in body temperature, other biological variables, and performance (16,29).”
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Self-citationA simple and valid method to determine thermoregulatory sweating threshold and sensitivity
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“All experiments were conducted at the same time of day to control for circadian fluctuations in body temperature and other biological variables (48).”
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“…hormones such as glucocorticoids and vasodilators are also rhythmic and available in the blood for parasites to monitor (Cuesta et al., 2015; Kalsbeek and Strubbe, 1998; Luna-Moreno et al., 2009; Stephenson et al., 1984) but again, rhythms in these factors are unlikely to be affected by illness.”
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BackgroundResultInfluentialDiurnal variation in cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor systems during heat stress
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“For example, during heat stress (passive heat stress or dynamic exercise) with changing internal and skin temperatures, cutaneous vascular control is subject to a circadian rhythm in the internal temperature threshold for the cutaneous vasodilator response to hyperthermia (1, 3, 21, 22, 28).”
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“Indeed, some evidence supports a lower absolute core temperature prior to the onset for sweating in the morning compared to evening (Stephenson et al. 1984; Waterhouse et al. 2004, 2007).”
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“, 1995), and at 20:00 h than at 04:00 h (Stephenson et al., 1984); and the rise in distal limb skin temperature during exercise at 30% VO2max was greater at 20:00 h than 09:00 h (Torii et al.”
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“The onset of SBF and SR with exercise (42) and passive heating (1) have been shown to be correlated with circadian rhythm.”
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Divergent roles of plasma osmolality and the baroreflex on sweating and skin blood flow
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“Further, during exercise at 25 ~ C, the core temperature thresholds for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation were lower during early morning (04:00h) than late afternoon (16:00h) (Stephenson et al. 1984).”
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Castellani, J. W., Young, A., Kain, J. E., & Sawka, M. N. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.1.243 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Shape of the Endogenous Circadian Rhythm of Rectal Temperature in Humans
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“…effector responses, such as the temperature threshold for the onset of sweating and skin vasodilation, occur at higher temperatures in the after-noon compared with the morning (234), it is possible that the T c tolerated at exhaustion is also regulated at a higher temperature in the afternoon.”
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“This thermoregulatory response for dissipating heat accumulated in the body has been shown to be affected by several physiological and environmental factors, such as the state of hydration (Nadel 1980), diurnal (Stephenson et al. 1984) and menstrual (Hirata et al.”
BackgroundThree nights of sleep deprivation does not alter thermal strain during exercise in the heat
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BackgroundFinger vasodilation correlates better with tympanic than esophageal temperature
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“1985), daily rhythm (Stephenson et al. 1984), and exercise intensity (Bevegfird and Shepherd 1966; Hirata et al.”
BackgroundDepressed sweating during exercise at altitude
Kolka, M. A., Stephenson, L. A., & Gonzalez, R. R. (1989) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/0306-4565(89)90040-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSome evidence of a time-varying thermal perception
Vellei, M., O’Brien, W., Martinez, S., & Le Dréau, J. (2022) · Indoor and Built Environment · doi:10.1177/1420326x211034563 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simulated microgravity increases cutaneous blood flow in the head and leg of humans.
Stout, M. S., Watenpaugh, D. E., Breit, G. A., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Effect of Season and Light Intensity on the Core Interthreshold Zone
Kakitsuba, N., Mekjavić, I. B., & Katsuura, T. (2011) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.2114/jpa2.30.161 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Robinson, E. L., & Fuller, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r298 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Relationship between sleep stages and short‐term changes in rectal temperature in humans
Waterhouse, J. M., Minors, D., Åkerstedt, T., et al. (1995) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291019509360322 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rising vs. falling phases of core temperature on endurance exercise capacity in the heat
Otani, H., Kaya, M., Goto, H., & Tamaki, A. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04292-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Meanwhile, it has been reported that the Tc threshold for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation are higher in the evening than in the morning during moderate-intensity exercise in a temperate environment (Aoki et al. 1995; Stephenson et al. 1984).”
BackgroundAoki, K., Yokoi, M., 真砂, 涼., Iwanaga, K., Kondo, N., & Katsuura, T. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1392-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…stress or dynamic exercise, the internal temperature thresholds for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating are shifted to higher resting internal temperatures in the evening compared with thresholds observed in the early morning (Stephenson et al. 1984; Torii et al. 1995; Aoki et al. 1997a, b, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDEET insect repellent: effects on thermoregulatory sweating and physiological strain
Kenefick, R. W., Cheuvront, S. N., Ely, B. R., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1932-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Aoki, K., Kondo, N., Shimomura, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H., & Katsuura, T. (2002) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-001-0566-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For example, the internal temperature threshold for onset of sweating to dynamic exercise (Aoki et al. 1995; Stephenson et al. 1984; Torii et al. 1995) or passive heat stress (Aoki et al.”
BackgroundResultEffect of postprandial thermogenesis on the cutaneous vasodilatory response during exercise
Hayashi, K., Ito, N., Ichikawa, Y., & Suzuki, Y. (2014) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0506 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This relationship is seen clearly in the circadian rhythms of body temperature and temperature threshold for cutaneous vasodilation and sweating (Aoki et al. 1997; Stephenson et al. 1984; Wenger et al. 1976).”
InfluentialIntegrative Human Cardiovascular Responses to Hyperthermia
Chiesa, S. T., Trangmar, S. J., Watanabe, K., & González‐Alonso, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93515-7_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Seasonal Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Thermoregulatory Responses in a Hot Environment
Fujita, M., Lee, D., Ismail, M. S., & Tochihara, Y. (2003) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.22.273 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Day-night variation of thermoregulatory responses to intraperitoneal electric heating in rats
Shido, O. (1987) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/0306-4565(87)90028-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Integration of Biological Clocks and Rhythms
Refinetti, R. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00421.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Control of Circadian Variation in Skin Blood Flow Response to Heat Stress
Aoki, K., Kondo, N., Shibasaki, M., et al. (1998) · The Japanese Journal of Physiology · doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.48.95 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Increased skin blood flow and enhanced sensible heat loss in humans after nicotinic acid ingestion
Stephenson, L. A., & Kolka, M. A. (1995) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/0306-4565(94)00078-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian Timekeepers in Sports
Eichner, E. R. (1988) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1988.11709431 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stephenson, L. A., Wenger, C. B., O'Donovan, B. H., & Nadel, E. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1984-03-01
- Volume
- 246
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- R321-R324
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2110741309
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sweating, skin blood flow, heat loss, esophageal temperature, core body temperature, cutaneous vasodilation, exercise thermoregulation, sweat rate, forearm blood flow
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arm, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Circadian Rhythm, Differential Threshold, Esophagus, Humans, Male, Regional Blood Flow, Skin, Sweating, Vasodilation
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