Diurnal repeated exercise promotes slow-wave activity and fast-sigma power during sleep with increase in body temperature: a human crossover trial
Abstract
The effects of exercise on sleep have been explored from various perspectives, but little is known about how the effects of acute exercise on sleep are produced through physiological functions. We used a protocol of multiple daytime sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and examined the subsequent effects on sleep structure, core body temperature (CBT), distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and subjective parameters. Fourteen healthy men who did not exercise regularly were evaluated under the baseline (no exercise) and exercise conditions on a within-subject crossover basis. Under the exercise condition, each participant performed a 40-min aerobic workout at 40% of maximal oxygen intake, four times between morning and early evening. We observed a 33% increase in slow-wave sleep (SWS; P = 0.005), as well as increases in slow-wave activity (SWA; P = 0.026), the fast-sigma power/SWA ratio ( P = 0.005), and subjective sleep depth and restorativeness the following morning. Moreover, both CBT and the DPG increased during sleep after exercise ( P = 0.021 and P = 0.047, respectively). Regression analysis identified an increased nocturnal DPG during sleep after exercise as a factor in the increase in SWA. The fast-sigma/SWA ratio correlated with CBT. The performance of acute exercise promotes SWS with nocturnal elevation in the DPG. Both CBT and fast-sigma power may play a role in the specific physiological status of the body after exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used multiple daytime sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise to examine the effects on the sleep structure, core body temperature (CBT), distal-proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), and subjective parameters. Significant increases in slow-wave activity (SWA), CBT, DPG, fast-sigma power, and subjective parameters were observed during the night and the following morning. Nocturnal DPG is a factor in the increased SWA.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A physical exercise-induced increase in DPG during the subsequent night was a positive predictor for increased SWS.
“a physical exercise-induced increase in DPG during the subsequent night was identified as a positive predictor for increased SWS [36].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Discovering Statistics Using SPSS
Field, A. P., & Miles, J. N. V. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 28,268 · see citing works
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C. (1973) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x · Cited by 2,538 · see citing works
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual
(1991) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-115-5-413_1 · Cited by 2,416 · see citing works
EEG Arousals: Scoring Rules and Examples
(1992) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.2.173 · Cited by 2,117 · see citing works
Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man
Roland, P. E., Larsen, B., Lassen, N. A., & Skinhöj, E. (1980) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1980.43.1.118 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
THE SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Penfield, W. G. (1951) · A M A Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1951.02320090038004 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
Youngstedt, S. D. (2005) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.003 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Borg, G. (1982) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1026080 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis
Youngstedt, S. D., O'Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (1997) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.3.203 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Werth, E., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/43366 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Keeping cool: a hypothesis about the mechanisms and functions of slow-wave sleep
McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90081-k · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Gerloff, C. P. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.9.1587 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Brain Areas Involved in Interlimb Coordination: A Distributed Network
Debaere, F., Swinnen, S. P., Béatse, E., Sunaert, S. G., Hecke, P. V., & Duysens, J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0892 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Sleep
Kubitz, K. A., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., & Han, M.-W. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199621040-00004 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Exercise effects on sleep physiology
Uchida, S., Shioda, K., Morita, Y., Kubota, C., Ganeko, M., & Takeda, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00048 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationMaloney, K. J., Cape, E., Gotman, J., & Jones, B. E. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00298-9 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Association of physical activity and human sleep disorders
Sherrill, D. L., Kotchou, K., & Quan, S. F. (1998) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.158.17.1894 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Kalak, N., Gerber, M., Kirov, R., Mikoteit, T., Yordanova, J., Pühse, U., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.020 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Putman, P., van Peer, J. M., Maimari, I., & van der Werff, S. J. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.008 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Halsband, U., Matsuzaka, Y., & Tanji, J. (1994) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(94)90032-9 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Effect of acute physical exercise on patients with chronic primary insomnia
Passos, G. S., Poyares, D., Santana, M. G., Garbuio, S. A., Tufik, S., & Mello, M. T. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27825 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Effects of vigorous late-night exercise on sleep quality and cardiac autonomic activity
Myllymäki, T., Kyröläinen, H., Savolainen, K., Joensuu, L., Jakonen, R., Juuti, T., Martinmäki, K., Kaartinen, J., Kinnunen, M.-L., & Rusko, H. K. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00874.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Increased slow wave sleep and reduced stage 2 sleep in children depending on exercise intensity
Dworak, M., Wiater, A., Alfer, D., Stephan, E., Hollmann, W., & Strüder, H. K. (2008) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.04.017 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Effects of exercise intensity and duration on nocturnal heart rate variability and sleep quality
Myllymäki, T., Rusko, H. K., Syväoja, H. J., Juuti, T., Kinnunen, M.-L., & Kyröläinen, H. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2034-9 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Sigma (12–15 Hz) and Delta (0.3–3 Hz) EEG oscillate reciprocally within NREM sleep
Uchida, S., Maloney, T., March, J. D., Azari, R., & Feinberg, I. (1991) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90286-s · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinoic Acid Signaling Affects Cortical Synchrony During Sleep
Maret, S., Franken, P., Dauvilliers, Y. A., Ghyselinck, N. B., Chambon, P., & Tafti, M. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1117623 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Slow Wave Sleep Elevations After Body Heating: Proximity to Sleep and Effects of Aspirin
Horne, J., & Shackell, B. S. (1987) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.4.383 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Metabolic rate and fuel utilization during sleep assessed by whole-body indirect calorimetry
Katayose, Y., Tasaki, M., Ogata, H., Nakata, Y., Tokuyama, K., & Satoh, M. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.02.025 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Souissi, H., Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Dogui, M., Chamari, K., Souissi, N., & Amri, M. (2012) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.24.1.84 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Tamaki, M., Huang, T.-R., Yotsumoto, Y., Hämäläinen, M., Lin, F., Náñez, J. E., Watanabe, T., & Sasaki, Y. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1198-13.2013 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Brand, S., Kalak, N., Gerber, M., Kirov, R., Pühse, U., & Holsboer‐Trachsler, E. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.016 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Is sleep disturbed by vigorous late-night exercise?
Youngstedt, S. D., Kripke, D. F., & Elliott, J. A. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199906000-00015 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Prolonged endurance exercise and sleep disruption
Driver, H. S., Rogers, G. G., Mitchell, D., Borrow, S., ALLEN, M., Luus, H. G., & Shapiro, C. M. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199407000-00015 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hibi, M., Kubota, C., Mizuno, T., Aritake, S., Mitsui, Y., Katashima, M., & Uchida, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39640 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Exhaustive Exercise on the Sleep of Men and Women
Bunnell, D. E., Bevier, W. C., & Horvath, S. M. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00900.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The role of the basal ganglia in bimanual coordination
Kraft, E., Chen, A. W., Flaherty, A. W., Blood, A. J., Kwong, K. K., & Jenkins, B. G. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.142 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The effects of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise on the sleep need of sedentary young adults
Wong, S. N., Halaki, M., & Chow, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.733823 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The effects of a session of resistance training on sleep patterns in the elderly
Viana, V. A. R., Esteves, A. M., Boscolo, R. A., Grassmann, V., Santana, M. G., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2219-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Time estimation during sleep relates to the amount of slow wave sleep in humans
Aritake‐Okada, S., Uchiyama, M., Suzuki, H., Tagaya, H., Kuriyama, K., Matsuura, M., Takahashi, K., Higuchi, S., & Mishima, K. (2008) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2008.11.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationElevated Variance in Heart Rate During Slow-Wave Sleep After Late-Night Physical Activity
Bulckaert, A., Exadaktylos, V., Haex, B., Valck, E. D., Verbraecken, J. A., & Berckmans, D. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.552820 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Construction of Sleep-Hygiene Scales and Classification of Sleep Patterns in Undergraduates
Takeuchi, T., Inugami, M., Ishihara, K., et al. (2000) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep1953.48.3_294 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Höhn, C., Schmid, S. R., Plamberger, C. P., Bothe, K., Angerer, M., Gruber, G., Pletzer, B., & Hoedlmoser, K. (2021) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep3010005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“These results on SWS and SWA as indices of sleep pressure [56,57] are well in line with existing literature [6,37,38].”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Aritake-Okada, S., Tanabe, K., Mochizuki, Y., Ochiai, R., Hibi, M., Kozuma, K., Katsuragi, Y., Ganeko, M., Takeda, N., & Uchida, S.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport Psychiatry and Neuroscience Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Waseda University (JP)
- Edogawa University (JP)
- Kao Corporation (Japan) (JP)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-07-01
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 168-177
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2945076591
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (15K18980)
- Research Grant of Kao Corporation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- acute exercise, sleep architecture, slow-wave sleep, slow-wave activity, core body temperature, aerobic exercise, subjective sleep quality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Skin Temperature, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Exercise, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
