Explaining savings for visuomotor adaptation: linear time-invariant state-space models are not sufficient
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Adaptation of the motor system to sensorimotor perturbations is a type of learning relevant for tool use and coping with an ever-changing body. Memory for motor adaptation can take the form of savings: an increase in the apparent rate constant of readaptation compared with that of initial adaptation. The assessment of savings is simplified if the sensory errors a subject experiences at the beginning of initial adaptation and the beginning of readaptation are the same. This can be accomplished by introducing either 1) a sufficiently small number of counterperturbation trials (counterperturbation paradigm [CP]) or 2) a sufficiently large number of zero-perturbation trials (washout paradigm [WO]) between initial adaptation and readaptation. A two-rate, linear time-invariant state-space model (SSM(LTI,2)) was recently shown to theoretically produce savings for CP. However, we reasoned from superposition that this model would be unable to explain savings for WO. Using the same task (planar reaching) and type of perturbation (visuomotor rotation), we found comparable savings for both CP and WO paradigms. Although SSM(LTI,2) explained some degree of savings for CP it failed completely for WO. We conclude that for visuomotor rotation, savings in general is not simply a consequence of LTI dynamics. Instead savings for visuomotor rotation involves metalearning, which we show can be modeled as changes in system parameters across the phases of an adaptation experiment.
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A basic single-timescale SSM predicts that learning should always occur at the same rate, regardless of past experience.
“In particular, relearning of a given perturbation for a second time is faster than initial learning – a phenomenon known as savings (Ebbinghaus, 1913; Kojima et al., 2004; Krakauer et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006; Zarahn et al., 2008) – whereas a basic single-timescale SSM predicts that learning should always occur at the same rate, regardless of past experience (Zarahn et al., 2008).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Zarahn et al., 2008
Savings is a form of procedural and motor memory that manifests as faster relearning compared with initial learning.
“Savings is a form of procedural and motor memory that manifests as faster relearning compared with initial learning (Ebbinghaus, 1913; Smith et al., 2006; Zarahn et al., 2008).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Zarahn et al., 2008
The minimum sample size for an independent samples t-test using a two-tailed alpha of 0.05 and power of 0.8, assuming an effect size d = 1.9375, is 6 subjects per group.
“For an independent samples t-test using a two-tailed alpha of 0.05 and power of 0.8, and assuming an effect size d = 1.9375 (computed based on previously reported group means and standard deviation; time constant = 0.47 for savings and 0.16 for naïve, with s.d. = 0.16), the minimum sample size is 6 subjects per group.”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Zarahn et al., 2008
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Zarahn, E., Weston, G. D., Liang, J., Mazzoni, P., & Krakauer, J. W.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Neurology, Inc (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2537-2548
- ISSN
- 0022-3077 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1598
- PMC
- PMC2585408
- OpenAlex
- W2138487482
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r01ns052804-05)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS-052804)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- visuomotor adaptation, savings, motor learning, visuomotor rotation, meta-learning
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Models, Neurological, Movement, Psychomotor Performance, Rotation, Time Factors, Visual Perception, Linear Models, Young Adult
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