Adaptation to visuomotor transformations: consolidation, interference, and forgetting
Open accessAbstract
The paradigm task A-->task B-->task A, which varies the time interval between task A and task B, has been used extensively to investigate the consolidation of motor memory. Consolidation is defined as resistance to retrograde interference (interference by task B on initial learning of task A). Consolidation has been demonstrated for simple skills, motor sequencing, and learning of force fields. In contrast, evidence to date suggests that visuomotor learning does not consolidate. We have shown previously that adaptation to a 30 degrees screen-cursor rotation is faster and more complete on relearning 24 hr later. This improvement is prevented if a 30 degrees counter-rotation is learned 5 min after the original rotation. Here, we sought to identify conditions under which rotation learning becomes resistant to interference by a counter-rotation. In experiment 1, we found that interference persists even when the counter-rotation is learned 24 hr after the initial rotation. In experiment 2, we removed potential anterograde interference (interference by task B on relearning of task A) by introducing washout blocks before all of the learning blocks. In contrast to experiment 1, we found resistance to interference (i.e., consolidation) when the counter-rotation was learned after 24 hr but not after 5 min. In experiment 3, we doubled the amount of initial rotation learning and found resistance to interference even after 5 min. Our results suggest that persistent interference is attributable to anterograde effects on memory retrieval. When anterograde effects are removed, rotation learning consolidates both over time and with increased initial training.
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Relearning of a given perturbation for a second time is faster than initial learning (savings).
“In particular, relearning of a given perturbation for a second time is faster than initial learning – a phenomenon known as savings (Ebbinghaus, 1913; Kojima et al., 2004; Krakauer et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2006; Zarahn et al., 2008) – whereas a basic single-timescale SSM predicts that learning should always occur at the same rate, regardless of past experience (Zarahn et al., 2008).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Krakauer et al., 2005
SSM variants that include multiple timescales of learning explain savings over short timescales but fail to predict savings following a prolonged period of washout.
“Although SSM variants that include multiple timescales of learning (Kording et al., 2007; Smith et al., 2006) are able to explain savings over short timescales, this approach fails to predict the fact that savings still occurs following a prolonged period of washout of initial learning (Krakauer et al., 2005; Zarahn et al., 2008).”
From Rethinking motor learning and savings in adaptation paradigms: model-free memory for successful actions combines with internal models (2011) · cites this paper as Krakauer et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Krakauer, J. W., Ghez, C., & Ghilardi, M. F.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-01-12
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 473-478
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6725486
- OpenAlex
- W2012026952
- Cited by
- 500
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08ns001961-05)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-K23 02138, NS K08 01961, K23NS002138)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- visuomotor adaptation, motor memory consolidation, forgetting, memory retrieval, motor learning
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Learning, Male, Memory, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Rotation, Visual Perception
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