Cited by 116Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis MechanismsProtease and Inhibitor MechanismsReceptor Mechanisms and Signaling

Protease-activated receptors in health and disease

Open access
Peach, Chloe J., Edgington-Mitchell, Laura E., Bunnett, Nigel W., Schmidt, Brian L.·2023·Physiological Reviews

Abstract

Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021

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  • The functional consequence of a particular protease activating PARs depends on which PAR is activated and what its downstream signaling pathways are, including whether canonical or biased signaling pathways are initiated.

    “The functional consequence of a particular protease activating PARs depends on which PAR is activated and what its downstream signaling pathways are, including whether canonical or biased signaling pathways are initiated.136,137”

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  1. [612]612. Kenakin TP. A Pharmacology Primer (5th ed.), edited by Kenakin TP. New York: Academic Press, 2019, p. 1. [Google Scholar]
  2. [622]622. Farmer LJ, Fournier PA, Lessard S, Lui B, St-Onge M, Sturino C, Szychowski J, Yannopoulos C. Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. Imidazopyridazines Useful as Inhibitors of the PAR-2 Signaling Pathway. Patent WO/2015048245 A1. 2013. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/ad/79/74/681fbe11d4c20b/WO2015048245A1.pdf. [Google Scholar]

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Authors
Peach, C. J., Edgington-Mitchell, L. E., Bunnett, N. W., & Schmidt, B. L.
Affiliations
  • New York University (US)
  • Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Corresponding author
Bunnett, Nigel W.
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Published
2023-01-01
Volume
103
Issue
1
Pages
717-785
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
OpenAlex
W4288434597
Cited by
116
References
635
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1
FWCI
3.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Australian Research Council (DE180100418)
  • DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W81XWH1810431, W81XWH2210239)
  • HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE026806, DE029951)
  • HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK118971)
  • HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS102722)
  • Leon Levy Foundation
  • University of Melbourne
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Keywords
protease-activated receptors, proteolytic enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor structure, receptor signaling, homeostasis, inflammation, cancer, bacterial proteases, therapeutic target
MeSH terms
Homeostasis, Humans, Peptide Hydrolases, Signal Transduction, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptors, Proteinase-Activated

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