Protease-activated receptors in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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The functional consequence of a particular protease activating PARs depends on which PAR is activated and what its downstream signaling pathways are, including whether canonical or biased signaling pathways are initiated.
“The functional consequence of a particular protease activating PARs depends on which PAR is activated and what its downstream signaling pathways are, including whether canonical or biased signaling pathways are initiated.136,137”
From The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
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Sorted by citations
The emerging roles of bacterial proteases in intestinal diseases
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- Authors
- Peach, C. J., Edgington-Mitchell, L. E., Bunnett, N. W., & Schmidt, B. L.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author
- Bunnett, Nigel W.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2023-01-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 717-785
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- PMC
- PMC9662810
- OpenAlex
- W4288434597
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 635
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DE180100418)
- DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W81XWH1810431, W81XWH2210239)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE026806, DE029951)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK118971)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS102722)
- Leon Levy Foundation
- University of Melbourne
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Keywords
- protease-activated receptors, proteolytic enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor structure, receptor signaling, homeostasis, inflammation, cancer, bacterial proteases, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Homeostasis, Humans, Peptide Hydrolases, Signal Transduction, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Receptors, Proteinase-Activated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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