Vitamin D: A Review on Its Effects on Muscle Strength, the Risk of Fall, and Frailty
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin D is the main hormone of bone metabolism. However, the ubiquitary nature of vitamin D receptor (VDR) suggests potential for widespread effects, which has led to new research exploring the effects of vitamin D on a variety of tissues, especially in the skeletal muscle.In vitro studies have shown that the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, acts in myocytes through genomic effects involving VDR activation in the cell nucleus to drive cellular differentiation and proliferation. A putative transmembrane receptor may be responsible for nongenomic effects leading to rapid influx of calcium within muscle cells. Hypovitaminosis D is consistently associated with decrease in muscle function and performance and increase in disability. On the contrary, vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve muscle strength and gait in different settings, especially in elderly patients. Despite some controversies in the interpretation of meta-analysis, a reduced risk of falls has been attributed to vitamin D supplementation due to direct effects on muscle cells. Finally, a low vitamin D status is consistently associated with the frail phenotype. This is why many authorities recommend vitamin D supplementation in the frail patient.
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A meta-analysis reported a modest positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in elderly individuals with deficiency, but no effect on muscle mass, nor on muscle preservation during caloric restriction.
“A meta-analysis reported a modest positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength in elderly individuals with deficiency, but no effect on muscle mass, nor on muscle preservation during caloric restriction [57, 58].”
From Muscle loss and GLP-1R agonists use (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Emerging data suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults.
“In addition to restoring deficient levels, data are also emerging to suggest that vitamin D supplementation aimed at achieving serum concentrations above the reference value may augment increases in skeletal muscle mass, function, decrease recovery time from exercise, and increase both power and force production in older adults [284,297,298].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [297]
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- Authors
- Halfon, M., Phan, O., & Teta, D.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Halfon, Matthieu
- ORCID
- Halfon, Matthieu
- Venue
- BioMed Research International
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-11
- ISSN
- 1110-7243 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-6133
- 2314-6141
- PMC
- PMC4427016
- OpenAlex
- W2064785632
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- BioMed Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D, muscle strength, fall risk, frailty, vitamin D receptor, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation, gait, older adults, skeletal muscle, bone metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Aged, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Vitamin D, Frail Elderly, Receptors, Calcitriol, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Cells, Cell Proliferation, Muscle Strength
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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