Forethought in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an fMRI study of sex-specific differences
Open accessAbstract
Objective. The majority of studies investigating neurocognitive processing in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been conducted on male participants. Few studies evaluated females or examined sex differences. Among various cognitive anomalies in ADHD, deficit in forethought seems particularly important as children with ADHD often fail to adequately use previous information in order to prepare for responses. The main goal of this study was to assess sex-specific differences in behavioral and neural correlates of forethought in youth with ADHD. Methods. 21 typically developing (TD) youth and 23 youth with ADHD were asked to judge whether two pictures told a congruent or incongruent story. Reaction time, performance accuracy, and cerebral activations were recorded during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results. Significant sex-specific differences in cerebral activations appeared, despite equivalent performance. Relative to the boys TD participants, boys with ADHD had extensive bilateral frontal and parietal hypoactivations, while girls with ADHD demonstrated more scattered hypoactivations in the right cerebral regions. Conclusion. Present results revealed that youth with ADHD exhibit reduced cerebral activations during forethought. Nevertheless, the pattern of deficits differed between boys and girls, suggesting the use of a different neurocognitive strategy. This emphasizes the importance of including both genders in the investigations of ADHD.
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The small study comparing ADHD and healthy adolescents was severely underpowered with only seven girls.
“However, the study was severely underpowered with only seven girls (Poissant et al., 2016).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Poissant et al., 2016
The Methods (§2.1, page unavailable) report a small comparison of 44 children, including seven girls with ADHD and 12 girls in the control group. This supports the seven-girl count for the ADHD subgroup, but our copy does not establish that the study was severely underpowered; it also did not have only seven girls overall. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a small study, ADHD males had bilateral frontal and parietal underactivation compared to controls together with hyperactivation of amygdala and superior temporal motivation regions, while ADHD females had a more widespread underactivation pattern in right inferior frontal and postcentral gyri, right culmen, right middle temporal gyrus and left basal ganglia.
“ADHD males had bilateral frontal and parietal underactivation compared to controls together with hyperactivation of amygdala and superior temporal motivation regions, while ADHD females had a more widespread underactivation pattern in right inferior frontal and postcentral gyri, right culmen, right middle temporal gyrus and left basal ganglia.”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Poissant et al., 2016
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“However, the study was severely underpowered with only seven girls (Poissant et al., 2016).”
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- Authors
- Poissant, H., Rapin, L., Chenail, S., & Mendrek, A.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Bishop's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Poissant, H.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 2314-4327 (ISSN-L)
- 2314-4335
- PMC
- PMC4978833
- OpenAlex
- W2501345324
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatry Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, forethought, sex differences, youth, brain activation, gender differences in ADHD
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