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Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review
Abstract
When people focus attention or carry out a demanding task, their breathing changes. But which parameters of respiration vary exactly and can respiration reliably be used as an index of cognitive load? These questions are addressed in the present systematic review of empirical studies investigating respiratory behavior in response to cognitive load. Most reviewed studies were restricted to time and volume parameters while less established, yet meaningful parameters such as respiratory variability have rarely been investigated. The available results show that respiratory behavior generally reflects cognitive processing and that distinct parameters differ in sensitivity: While mentally demanding episodes are clearly marked by faster breathing and higher minute ventilation, respiratory amplitude appears to remain rather stable. The present findings further indicate that total variability in respiratory rate is not systematically affected by cognitive load whereas the correlated fraction decreases. In addition, we found that cognitive load may lead to overbreathing as indicated by decreased end-tidal CO 2 but is also accompanied by elevated oxygen consumption and CO 2 release. However, additional research is needed to validate the findings on respiratory variability and gas exchange measures. We conclude by outlining recommendations for future research to increase the current understanding of respiration under cognitive load.
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Respiration is sensitive to movement and various cognitive tasks, proportionally increasing with the difficulty of a task.
“Furthermore, respiration is sensitive to movement and various cognitive tasks, proportionally increasing with the difficulty of a task [106].”
From Therapy Dog Welfare Revisited: A Review of the Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [106]
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Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats
BERNTSON, G. G., THOMAS BIGGER, J., ECKBERG, D. L., GROSSMAN, P., KAUFMANN, P. G., MALIK, M., NAGARAJA, H. N., PORGES, S. W., SAUL, J. P., STONE, P. H., et al. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x · Cited by 3,962
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273
Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188 · cited 1×
“Since decreases in TV have also been reported for negative emotions such as anxiety and sadness [102], we conclude that a concurrent feedback may have emotional impact on the operator, inducing stress rather than mental load (see also [4, 8, 9]), and should thus be avoided in future experiments on cognitive load.”
BackgroundRespiratory sinus arrhythmia: a frequency dependent phenomenon
Angelone, A., & Coulter, N. A. (1964) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.3.479 · Cited by 441 · cited 1×
“However, beyond studying respiratory sinus arrhythmia (being a major source of HRV, see [124]), concurrent respiratory assessment has largely been neglected.”
BackgroundPhysiological workload reactions to increasing levels of task difficulty
VELTMAN, J. A., & GAILLARD, A. W. K. (1998) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/001401398186829 · Cited by 433
Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
Denver, J. W., Reed, S. F., & Porges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.09.005 · Cited by 333
Fournier, L. R., Wilson, G. F., & Swain, C. R. (1999) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(98)00049-x · Cited by 158
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Sorted by citations
Therapy Dog Welfare Revisited: A Review of the Literature
Glenk, L. M., & Foltin, S. (2021) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci8100226 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Grassmann, M., Vlemincx, E., von Leupoldt, A., Mittelstädt, J. M., & Van den Bergh, O.
- Affiliations
- Department of Aviation and Space Psychology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Sportallee 54a, 22335 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group on Health Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- ORCID
- Van den Bergh, Omer
- Venue
- Neural Plasticity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 2016
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 2090-5904
- 1687-5443
- PMC
- PMC4923594
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
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