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Cited by 299Barrier Structure and Function StudiesDrug Transport and Resistance MechanismsExtracellular vesicles in disease

Blood-Brain Barrier Overview: Structural and Functional Correlation

Open access
Alahmari, Abeer·2021·Neural Plasticity
DOI 10.1155/2021/6564585PMC PMC8668349
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Abstract

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable and extremely selective system in the central nervous system of most vertebrates, that separates blood from the brain’s extracellular fluid. It plays a vital role in regulating the transport of necessary materials for brain function, furthermore, protecting it from foreign substances in the blood that could damage it. In this review, we searched in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Saudi Digital Library for the various cells and components that support the development and function of this barrier, as well as the different pathways to transport the various molecules between blood and the brain. We also discussed the aspects that lead to BBB dysfunction and its neuropathological consequences, with the identification of some of the most important biomarkers that might be used as a biomarker to predict the BBB disturbances. This comprehensive overview of BBB will pave the way for future studies to focus on developing more specific targeting systems in material delivery as a future approach that assists in combinatorial therapy or nanotherapy to destroy or modify this barrier in pathological conditions such as brain tumors and brain stem cell carcinomas.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2021/6564585

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The basement membrane has structural, functional, regulatory, and mediator properties; pericytes maintain blood-brain barrier performance by connecting with endothelial cells and controlling permeability and angiogenesis.

    “Additionally, the basement membrane has structural, functional, regulatory, and mediator properties, whilst pericytes have a key function in maintaining the effective performance of the BBB through the connection with the ECs, controlling its permeability, angiogenesis”

    From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    Sections 4.3 (Pericytes) and 4.4 (Basement Membrane) support the claims about pericyte–endothelial connections, BBB maintenance and permeability, and the basement membrane’s structural, barrier and signaling roles. Section 3 (BBB Formation) discusses angiogenesis in capillary formation, but does not say that pericytes control it. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Astrocytes have a crucial role in dynamic signaling and microglia have protective properties to maintain a healthy environment.

    “Finally, astrocytes that, despite not displaying permeability attributes, have a crucial role in dynamic signaling and microglia have protective properties to maintain a healthy environment [9,11].”

    From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    Section 4.2 describes astrocytes’ buffering and BBB-regulating roles, while section 4.5 describes microglia’s immune, repair, and signaling functions. These support the quoted claim. The full citing sentence also says astrocytes lack permeability attributes; the source does not establish that qualifier and instead describes their endfeet as a partly effective barrier in the Introduction. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Blood-brain barrier function is ensured by a tightly regulated neurovascular unit composed mainly of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions and structurally sustained by the basement membrane, pericytes, and glial cells.

    “This function is ensured by a tightly regulated neurovascular unit composed mainly of endothelial cells (ECs) sealed by tight junctions (TJs) and structurally sustained by the basement membrane, pericytes, and glial cells.”

    From Advances in Strategies to Transport Nanoparticles Across the Blood–Brain Barrier for Drug Delivery into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. [10]Bield A. Kraus R. Über eine bisher unbekannte toxische Wirkung der Gallensauren auf das Zentralnervensystem Zentralblatt für innere Medizin journal 1898 19 1185 1200
  2. [11]Lewandowsky M. Zur Lehre der Zerebrospinalflussigkeit Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin journal 1900 40 480 484
  3. [12]Goldmann E. Die aussere und innere sekretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Licht der vitalen Farburg Beitrage zur klinischen Chirurgie journal 1909 64 192 265
  4. [13]Goldmann E. Vitalfarbung am Zentralnervensystem: beitrag zur Physiopathologie des plexus chorioideus der Hirnhaute Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften journal Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse 1913 1 1 60
  5. [14]Bourne G. The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue V2: Structure I 2012 Elsevier

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Authors
Alahmari, A.
Affiliations
King Khalid University (SA)
Corresponding author
Alahmari, Abeer
ORCID
Alahmari, Abeer
Venue
Neural Plasticity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-12-06
Volume
2021
Pages
1-10
ISSN
  • 1687-5443 (ISSN-L)
  • 2090-5904
DOI
10.1155/2021/6564585
PMC
PMC8668349
OpenAlex
W4200227947
Cited by
299
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 80 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 13
FWCI
3.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neural Plasticity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
King Khalid University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
Keywords
blood-brain barrier, BBB dysfunction, blood-brain barrier permeability, brain tumors, nanotherapy, neuroprotection
MeSH terms
Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Humans, Biomarkers

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