Effect of Different Glucose Monitoring Methods on Bold Glucose Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of different glucose monitoring methods on blood glucose control and the incidence of adverse events among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Using the method of literature review, the databases PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were retrieved to obtain relevant research literature, and the selected studies were analyzed and evaluated. This study used Cochrane software RevMan5.4 to statistically analyze all the data. Results. A total of 15 studies were included in this study, including 10 randomized controlled trials and 5 crossover design trials, with a total of 2071 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) could significantly reduce the HbA1c level of patients, weighted mean difference WMD = − 2.69 , 95% confidence interval (CI) (-4.25, -1.14), and P < 0.001 compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Meanwhile, the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in the CGM group was significantly decreased, risk ratio RR = 0.52 , 95% CI 0.35-0.77, and P = 0.001 . However, there was no statistical difference in the probability of diabetic ketoacidosis between CGM and SMBG groups, RR = 1.34 , 95% CI 0.57-3.15, and P = 0.5 . Conclusion. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is associated with lower blood glucose levels than the traditional blood glucose self-test method.
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CGM and closed-loop insulin delivery systems have been shown to significantly improve TIR, reduce HbA1c levels, and decrease TBR/TAR, thereby enhancing glycemic stability in both Type 1 and T2D patients.
“Regarding glycemic control, CGM and closed‐loop insulin delivery systems (AID, CLS, and artificial pancreas) have been shown to significantly improve TIR, reduce HbA1c levels, and decrease TBR/time above range (TAR), thereby enhancing glycemic stability in both Type 1 and T2D patients [24, 25, 35, 36].”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (section 3.3; page unavailable) report significantly lower HbA1c with CGM than with self-monitoring, and section 3.2 identifies the participants as having type 1 diabetes. The paper does not report effects on TIR, TBR or TAR, assess closed-loop insulin delivery, or study patients with type 2 diabetes; its other reported benefit is fewer severe hypoglycemic events. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubstantial heterogeneity, inadequate sample sizes, and publication bias were primary reasons for downgrading evidence.
“primarily due to: ? substantial heterogeneity [24, 38], potentially arising from differences in device brands and intervention durations (1–12 months); ? inadequate sample sizes, with most studies including fewer than 400 participants [15, 25, 30]; ? publication bias, as some systematic reviews were downgraded due to limited literature inclusion or asymmetric funnel plots [27, 30, 31].”
From Effectiveness of Wearable Devices for Diabetes Management: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Results (§3.3) report substantial heterogeneity for HbA1c (I² = 73%), supporting that part of the claim. But the Discussion (§4) says its source could not be identified, rather than attributing it to device brands or intervention durations. The paper does not identify inadequate sample sizes as a reason for downgrading evidence; its Results (§3.3) report symmetric funnel plots and no publication bias. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Wang, Y., Zou, C., Na, H., Zeng, W., & Li, X.
- Affiliations
- Hainan Medical University (CN)
- Department of Endocrine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570102, China
- Corresponding author
- Li, Xiaoyan
- Venue
- Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-06-18
- Volume
- 2022
- Pages
- 1-9
- ISSN
- 1748-670X (ISSN-L)
- 1748-6718
- PMC
- PMC9233597
- OpenAlex
- W4283075106
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Hainan Medical University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring, self-monitoring of blood glucose, glycemic control, HbA1c, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Glucose, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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