Estimating the Cost of Type 1 Diabetes in the U.S.: A Propensity Score Matching Method
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes costs represent a large burden to both patients and the health care system. However, few studies that examine the economic consequences of diabetes have distinguished between the two major forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, despite differences in underlying pathologies. Combining the two diseases implies that there is no difference between the costs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes to a patient. In this study, we examine the costs of type 1 diabetes, which is often overlooked due to the larger population of type 2 patients, and compare them to the estimated costs of diabetes reported in the literature. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a nationally representative dataset, we estimate yearly and lifetime medical and indirect costs of type 1 diabetes by implementing a matching method to compare a patient with type 1 diabetes to a similar individual without the disease. We find that each year type 1 diabetes costs this country $14.4 billion (11.5-17.3) in medical costs and lost income. In terms of lost income, type 1 patients incur a disproportionate share of type 1 and type 2 costs. Further, if the disease were eliminated by therapeutic intervention, an estimated $10.6 billion (7.2-14.0) incurred by a new cohort and $422.9 billion (327.2-519.4) incurred by the existing number of type 1 diabetic patients over their lifetime would be avoided. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We find that the costs attributed to type 1 diabetes are disproportionately higher than the number of type 1 patients compared with type 2 patients, suggesting that combining the two diseases when estimating costs is not appropriate. This study and another recent contribution provides a necessary first step in estimating the substantial costs of type 1 diabetes on the U.S.
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Two studies have provided cost estimates specifically for type 1 diabetes, proposing an annual figure of $14·4-14·9 billion in the USA.
“However, two studies have provided cost estimates specifically for type 1 diabetes, proposing an annual figure of $14·4–14·9 billion in the USA.104,105”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Tao, B., Pietropaolo, M., Atkinson, M., Schatz, D., & Taylor, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Center for Naval Analyses (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tao, Betty
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-07-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e11501
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2901386
- OpenAlex
- W2093172018
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK053456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, health care costs, indirect costs, income loss, lifetime costs, economic burden, type 2 diabetes, cost comparison, economic burden of disease, cost avoidance
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, United States
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